Sociology

Cross Cultural Awareness
Anakwe, U. (2002). The Artart of Dialoguedialogue in Building Cross-Cultural Sensitivitybuilding cross-cultural sensitivity in the Classroom.classroom. Journal of Management Education, 26(3), 291-306.

The article describes an exercise used to cultivate cross-cultural awareness inside a classroom setting. Such exercise was based on the principle that through document and interactive approaches are effective of building sensitivity towards cross-cultural ideas. Teams are grouped into multicultural teams with each team member correspond to a different personality. Group norms, recognition of differences and similarities, as well as possible methods of facing challenges are developed. Through this exercise, discussions on management concepts are advanced within a multicultural environment.

Bollinger, L.  Crites, E. (2003) Shaping future pedagogy World culture awareness and crossing disciplines. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 2(3), 315-336.

A comprehensive study on cross-discipline exercises were conducted by means of a qualitative method was conducted in this research. Aimed at the education of students as to the value of crossing the borders of the lines of culture drawn between the Hispanic population as well as the inculcation of a new world perspective in viewing this unique community in the global population. Research has proven that the utilization of multicultural as well as intercultural sensitivity exercises in communication courses greatly develops a students awareness in identifying and achieving goals as well as achieving a boost in their motivation for learning. Bollingers research hopes to achieve that students will not only listen with their eyes and ears but also with open hearts and minds A primary objective sought to be achieved by crossing disciplines.

McAllister, G.  Irvine, J. (2000). Cross cultural competency and multicultural teacher education. Review of Educational Research. 70(1), 3-24.

The article reviews the three process-oriented models used by researchers and experts in the field of psychology, an approach to the explanation of the advancement of racial individuality and cross-cultural knowledge. Among the models used were Helms model of racial identity development, Bennetts Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity and Banks Typology of Ethnicity. These process-oriented models have proven to be useful in terms of worldviews and cultural identities, which importantly can assist in the development of teachers in a multicultural classroom setting. Research thereafter produced a theory that the application of these stage-based models, a comprehensive grasp of information as to their efficacy in the production of change and variation in attitudes, behavior and belief must be achieved. Variations in situations and context are to be viewed in different constructs so as to apply the same theories and research contemplated in this study. McAllister suggests that development needs to be viewed in its full complexity, in order to achieve possible influences in growth processes through the examination of teachers personalities and school contexts. Thus, it is vital to this understanding that attitude, behavior and beliefs should be subject to a more careful investigation as to determine their relationship amongst other factors in the multicultural environment or multicultural classroom setting.

Staber, U. (2006). Social Capital Processescapital processes in Cross Cultural Management.cross cultural management. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 6(2), 189-203.

A structuralist and static conception of the culture construct are followed by many researchers in the field of cross-cultural management. The concept of social capital as a potential corrective is offered in this article, relating to the limitations of the structuralist program which is the current trend. In this social capital approach, social relations are treated, rather than organizations and individuals. This approach also focuses on processes and mechanisms working on social relations on how they contribute influence to outcomes related to cross cultural management. This article proposes a methodology for studying social capital as a network process, bringing focus on connections between actions or events.

Hispanic Culture Today
Alarcn, R. (2001). Hispanic Psychiatrypsychiatry From Marginmargin to Mainstream.mainstream. Transcultural Psychiatry, 38(1), 5-25.

Complications of the epistemological bases of American psychiatry is demonstrated in the study of the Hispaniclatino psychiatry in the United States. Following a brief review of the history of Hispanic communities in the United States, issues relevant, such as acculturation and response of the host society to the immigrants are discussed. A focus on the formation of a true mestizo identity is the primary focus of the journey of Hispanic psychiatry from margin to mainstream. A comprehensive study of biocultural linkages and a new form of universalism by the American psychiatry is adopted, as evinced in this article.

Capetillo-Ponce, J. (2007). From A Clashclash of Civilizationscivilizations to Internal Colonialism Reactionsinternal colonialism reactions to the Theoretical Basestheoretical bases of Samuel Huntingtons The Hispanic Challenge.the hispanic challenge. Ethnicities. 7(1), 116-134.

Premised on the essay Hispanic Challenge by Samuel Huntington, this article argues that the persistent flow of immigrants into the United States terrorizes a division of the United States into two peoples, two cultures and two languages. Huntington calls this his conception of Anglo-Protestant culture. This article seeks to expose the conflict model of cultural pluralism, more particularly giving focus on its internal-colonialist type.

Craven, A.  Kimmel, J. (2002). Experiential Analysisanalysis of a Multicultural Learning Adventuremulticultural learning adventure in a Hispanic-Serving Institution.serving institution. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 1(1), 59-68.

Through the use of constructivist learning theory and Reuven Feuersteins concept of mediated learning experience, an enculturation environment in an interdisciplinary philosophy course is sought to be created and formed for the use and implementation in exercise among students of multiple cultures. This study brings a focus on the translation of the research experience for Hispanic-serving institutions in the pursuit of encouraging change and development in thinking skills in such institutions imbibed with Hispanic culture.

Craven, A.  Kimmel, J. (2002). Experiential analysis of a multicultural learning adventure in a Hispanic-serving institution. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 1(1), 59-68.

The social construct of the Hispanic self are impacted by historic trends. Such observation is premised on an interpretative study and research on the different models of training and career counseling in Hispanic-serving institutions. An analysis of the history and psychological theory reflects that behaviors which are self-efficacious in character are further comprehended as there is a considerable amplification of the researchers knowledge of the same. As an end result, an improvement in a persons ability to counsel Hispanic individuals toward roads to success in career choices higher education is resulted and motivated on Hispanic students in academic tasks.
Johnson, D. (2006). Historical Trendstrends and Their Impacttheir impact on the Social Constructionsocial construction of Self Among Hispanicsself among hispanics and its Impact on Self-Efficacious Behaviors in Training and Careersimpact on self-efficacious behaviors in training and careers. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 5(1), 68-84.

The social construct of the Hispanic self has proven to be related to historical trends. Through the analysis of history and psychological theory, alongside a research study of training models and career counseling models, self-efficacious behaviors are studied and have been found to have adequately effected an augmentation of the researchers knowledge in terms of the analysis of such behaviors in Hispanic-serving institutions. A persons ability to counsel Hispanic individuals is thus maximized to its potential thereby increasing a rate of motivation towards leading such individuals to choosing career paths and choices of higher education while improving on their respective academic tasks in their chosen field.

Lechuga, J. (2008). Is Acculturation A Dynamic Constructacculturation a dynamic construct The Influenceinfluence of Methodmethod of Priming Culturepriming culture on Acculturation.acculturation. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30(3), 324-339.

Culture is a dynamic construct as a response to signals and factors encountered in a given situation. Acculturation research focuses on the complex construct which is specifically inclined on the domain. This article presents two studies discussing implications for acculturation measurement. Studies have generated a result that affiliation with host andor heritage cultures is a flexible concept.
Paulin, G. (2001). Variation in Food Purchasesfood purchases A Studystudy of Inter-Ethnicinter-ethnic and Intra-Ethnic Group Patterns Involvingintra-ethnic group patterns involving the Hispanic Community.community. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 29(4), 336-381.

To be able to comprehend the Hispanic community at a greater depth, it is feasible that ones existence as a community can be evaluated on basis of an understanding of food expenditure patterns existing in the Hispanic community, more particularly, the Hispanic groups in the United States. Being treated as one group, the Hispanic community can be perceived as a collection of diverse cultures with a one language and numerous similar characteristics which could identify them as a whole unit.

This article uses data to from U.S. Consumer Expenditure Diary Surveys to examine food expenditure patterns for Hispanics as a group compared to non-Hispanics, as well as those from subgroups within the Hispanic community. Results from the analysis of these data show that there is a varied difference between Hispanic and non-Hispanics in terms of food expenditure patterns, as well as determining that the subgroups within the Hispanic community are not homogenous in their food expenditure patterns. In conclusion, a recognition of diversity in the Hispanic population should be given great weight when considering goals for nutritional and related policies.

Multicultural Education
Brown, E. (2004). What Precipitates Changeprecipitates change in Cultural Diversity Awarenesscultural diversity awareness during a Multicultural Coursemulticultural course The Messagemessage or the Methodmethod Journal of Teacher Education, 55(4), 324-340.
Most teacher educators show that student conflict inhibits success of both classroom teachers and teacher educators. This article investigates the relationship between instructional methodology and changes in resistance to cultural diversity. Empirical and qualitative methods were used to examine instructional methodology. After a collective study of the Cultural Diversity Awareness Inventory, research has shown that the message can precipitate changes in sensitivity towards cultural diversity, although methodology used in reducing resistance and reinforcement of the message provides a greater influence in effecting changes.

Center for Multicultural Education, University of Washington. Retrieved February 10, 2010, from  HYPERLINK httpeducation.washington.educme httpeducation.washington.educme
This website seeks to educate on various ways to improve practice related to equity issues, inter-group relations, and the achievement of students by the use of research projects and activities. The Center for Multicultural Education engages in services and instruction which is related to its research mission for students of color.

Garcia, M. (1995). An Anthropological Approach to Multicultural Diversity Training.An anthropological approach to multicultural diversity training. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 31(4), 490-504.

This article illustrates an anthropological training process which is vital to the promotion of increased competency in the study of multicultural diversity. As Garcia defines it, multicultural diversity competence refers to the capacity to show respect and understanding, correspond efficiently, and working out with people of diverse cultural backgrounds. Founded on the principles of anthropological fieldwork, the training process used is multi-level, intended to deal with personal and interpersonal knowledge and skills and policies and procedures wide in scope in the organization. Multi-dimensions of existing diversity problems are made aware to the participants as well as the need for interpersonal and strategies of intervention in the organization.

Gardiner, M.  Enomoto, E. (2006). Urban School Principalsschool principals and their Rolerole as Multicultural Leaders.multicultural leaders. Urban Education, 41(6), 560-584.

The role of urban school principals are given a whole new look as they are considered as multicultural leaders in their respective teaching classrooms and communities. Gardiners research study utilizes the cross-case analysis, wherein six (6) practicing principals were studied in terms of multicultural leadership. Results of the study have shown that some principals engage in work that promoted diversity in their daily activities even though multicultural preparation was wanting. All the principals dealt with the multicultural issues, primarily concentrating on specific programs which accommodate immigrants or refugees as well as individual students who are dealing with these issues. The other principals, however, were less aware of the connection between confirming diversity and student achievement, remiss of the fact that some principals held high expectations for all. This article concludes with a recommendation to support principals in their work towards multicultural leadership and their endeavors.

Hartel, C. (2004). Towards a Multicultural Worldmulticultural world Identifying Work Systems, Practiceswork systems, practices and Employee Attitudesemployee attitudes that Embrace Diversity.embrace diversity. Australian Journal of Management, 29(2), 199-200.

The role of organizational culture is once again identified in workplace systems and practices and a focus on their effect on the interactions and behavioral patterns of employees in the workforce. The program is underlined by a systemic, theory-testing approach, where both developing and validating the diversity openness construct is an objective. The researched developed a Perceived Dissimilarity-Openness Moderator Model, which confirms that the affective, cognitive and behavioral effect of diversity depend upon the sensitivity towards difference and consequent excellence and extent of the response to the supposed dissimilarity. The resulting theory evinces that when individuals or social systems are diversity-closed, results envisage a less positive response opposed to when they are diversity-open.

Johnson, K.  Inoue, Y. (2003). Diversity and Multicultural Pedagogy An Analysismulticultural pedagogy an analysis of Attitudesattitudes and Practicespractices within an American Pacific Island University.university. Journal of Research in International Education, 2(3), 251-276.

This article has the objective of understanding the practice of multicultural pedagogy in higher education. Attitudes toward diversity and multiculturalism where primarily observed and interpreted to reflect an increase in the perception of the practice of multicultural pedagogy in the classroom as well as in terms of the development of the schools curriculum. Johnsons use of descriptive analysis and the survey methodology, has explored and produced data linking attitudes and practices. Results from which show that faculty ranked high on their eagerness to take on and integrate multicultural strategies in their teaching. Many of them did not believe that they had the skills or knowledge in engaging such strategy, while many also believed that they were not well-resourced to deal with a multicultural environment. This being so, the data showed that they effort to deal with strategies to integrate those multicultural attitudes into their teaching. This article concludes with the comparison of the two research results from the data collected from the two phases of the research, showing that a culture of political correctness seems to disguise certain ethnocentric beliefs that may be manifested in the classroom teaching and curriculum development.

Mathewson, J. Investigating Hispanic cultural differences in the United States. Retrieved February 10, 2010, from  HYPERLINK httpwww.helium.comitems1084950-hispanic-culture-in-the-united-states httpwww.helium.comitems1084950-hispanic-culture-in-the-united-states

Some of the most remarkable similarities between subgroups of Hispanic Americans are their characteristically well-built familial ties and resolve on the same as a normal way of thinking. No matter the religious or political differences are, as a culture, family still remains as a strong and irreplaceable tie for Hispanic Americans. However striking the differences, some generalities still remain, religiously as well as politically. In the end, there are many similarities and not very many large differences, as a social ethnic whole, Hispanic Americans have very analogous affinities. Being the same, they still have a place in being positive contributions to their countrys heritage.
Nihalani, P. (2008). Globalization and Multicultural Communication Unity in Diversity. RELC Journal, 39(2), 242-261.

This article recognizes that with the global spread of English, three major inquiries can be solidified (a) diversity and multicultural identity, (b) mutually intelligible international communication, and lastly (c) the pedagogical issue of an educational target for global communication. The impacts of globalization on educational and teaching patterns have been considerably observed and Nihalanis examination of the issues of comprehensibility, intelligibility and interpretability deriving from social psychology concepts and linguistic perspectives proposes thereon a so-called intercultural communication which is global in context. This article concludes that a pragmatic model, informed by the multi-dimensional view of intelligibility and multicultural interpretability, will be dealt with in order to attend to the third major concern of language standardization for global communication.
Pieterse, A., Evans, S., Risner-Butner, A., Collins, N.  Mason, L. (2009). Multicultural Competence and Social Justice Training in Counselling Psychology and Counselor Education. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(1), 93-115.

This article presents Pieterses method of discovering from programs of counseling and counseling psychology a comprehensive study of multicultural and diversity-related course syllabi. The study resulted that most courses show and adherence to the knowledge, awareness and skills model of multicultural competence. Findings also recognize social justice content as an increasing occurrence in multicultural courses. In conclusion, there is a call for an outline of the elemental points of similarities and dissimilarities and between multicultural competence and social justice advocacy in counselor and counseling psychology training.

Zsoldos, L. Understanding the Hispanic Culture involves more than learning Spanish. Retrieved February 10, 2010, from  HYPERLINK httpwww.helium.comitems172421-understanding-the-hispanic-culture-involves-more-than-learning-spanish httpwww.helium.comitems172421-understanding-the-hispanic-culture-involves-more-than-learning-spanish

The Hispanic culture transgresses a more of an issue than just learning Spanish. It is a well known concept that language and culture are related and connected with one another, every culture is based on a premise which is more than just family and religion, which is certainly true of the Hispanic culture. An important step in understanding Hispanic culture is learning Spanish. However, this is only the beginning. Learning the Hispanic culture does not stop with learning its primary language, you should look into the heart the culture which is encompassed and surrounded by a learning of the foundation of many other areas of life such as family, business, food and religion.