Sociology

Abstract
Women are generally observed to be unaware of their rights especially their birthrights. Thereby women are in a need to realize their birthrights. This paper shall highlight an importance realized in relation to womens birthrights especially in case of Latin women. Three interviews were conducted from three Latina women  and these will be highlighted in this paper as well to represent views from Latina women in relation to birthrights.

Introduction
Birthright is a kind of human right, which is highlighted by UN. Reproduction is  an important reproductive right in a woman in any society thereby women are to make independent choices as to how they want to have childbirths as many risks factors are involved in case of different methods as vaginal methods, caesarian sections and operative methods. In this paper, analysis is to be conducted if women in Latin countries are aware of their birth rights.

Women Making Choices
Brazil is one of those Latin countries where more than 55 of women undergo caesarian sections especially those who belong to families earning more than 1000. These rates are higher as compared to 15 recommended by WHO. Additional roles are played by clinical conditions. 

In some cases, it is argued that women choose caesarian sections because of many reasons. Caesarian sections are determinants of important outcomes of birth. These are important in case of countries where privatization in clinics is higher, and women are given more choices. Much research has focused on women having fears of vaginal birth as this is linked to keeping sexual activity intact even after child birth. Thereby Latin countries provide more knowledge and awareness to women in regards to risks involved in vaginal birth, and operation based deliveries. This awareness are  increasing in women thus helping them in making choices in regards to birth rights and how these Latin women are entitled to give birth by making choices.  In addition to this, it has been realized that these choices have arose from socio economic processes.

Moreover, an important factor has been highlighted in case of prenatal facilities in Latin hospitals. It has been argued that birth facilities and prenatal facilities provided in Latin hospitals are not evidence based. Literature has highlighted that Latin women faced negative outcomes by a regular use of episiotomy. According to one study carried out in one Latin hospital, rates of episiotomy in women is around 92 thereby there is no implication of studies highlighting negative effects of episiotomy. In addition to this in some hospitals, there is a constant use of postpartum hemorrhage. Still there is a need to improve conditions in hospitals. Thereby an additional knowledge and research based intervention is needed to ensure safe conditions for women in labor.

Birthrights in Women
These discussions help realize that women have rights, birthrights now considered as human rights. Birthrights in women encompass some main issues and these include proper and safe birth related facilities in hospitals. Women have rights to birth control and family planning, as they know better when to have children. Adequate natal facilities are main and most important requirement of women in labor. This pre natal care should ensure that being of higher qualities these clinical and medical facilities should be least expensive so that higher number of women pursues it.

Linking these findings to previous discussions, it is to be argued that women in Latin countries especially Brazil are opting caesarian sections in a large number. It has been mentioned that women are afraid of risks involved in vaginal birth as medical healthcare professionals strengthen this belief. Sources of these medical healthcare professionals are questionable. In addition to this, it is seen that there is an important role being played by socio economic status and social powers in a society. These powers and socioeconomic factors are linked to indifferences within a society.  These indifferences are creating more chances of women adopting caesarian sections. Solutions have been defined as reply to these social indifferences. Equal access to same healthcare facilities without any social differences and this is considered as a medial rational solution to equal healthcare. Thereby caesarian sections are considered a result of economic distribution within societies and higher discrepancies as seen in Latin countries comparatively. Based on these socioeconomic status differences, it has been argued that even minor differences like these can create great differences in healthcare provision to women along with creating unnecessary interventions in women thereby making these poor women feel marginalized to access proper healthcare facilities.

Methodology
Interviews
Interviews have been conducted from three Latin women in Latin hospitals. These interviews had three main themes first interview carried out highlighted information related to birthrights and what hopes did the respondent have with implying birthrights in daily life. There is a gradual increase in medical and legal knowledge and awareness in women thereby in case of any complications, legal actions can be expected. Previously as interviews indicate, only higher social class was aware of such knowledge and legal standings. Practitioners indicate that this increase in knowledge and awareness has lead to a loss of control over patients thereby women are more aware of their rights in relation to birth.

Interview 1 Awareness of Birthrights
First interview conducted inquired the Latin woman in a US hospital about  her awareness in relation to birthrights and the freedom that she has in relation to birthrights. Respondent clearly indicated that still in modern days there is a need in Latin hospitals to realize importance of birthrights. She added that she has chosen to give birth to her child in US based hospitals as these are more advanced as compared to Latin hospital. In addition, she added that she hopes of addition and realization of these rights in Latin societies.

One main point of birthright in women is an increase in neonatal and maternal outcomes thereby ensuring safe labor in women. Hospitals and clinical facilities should be providing proper pain reducing facilities ensuring painless labor in women. Thereby basic human right in case of women is safe labor when women in the hands of amateur and abusive medical professionals face tortures. Understanding these important points, UN has decided and is recently working on bringing birth rights on the panel of human rights. There are many reports released by UN that clearly highlight the fact that many women and new born  babies are facing abuse in hands of unaware and greedy medical healthy professionals.

It is important to realize the fact that birthright is an important right now being taken as a part of human rights in women. Many reports suggest that women are not aware of their rights that make them choose wrong methods during childbirth. Many methods chosen to be safe in women in the past are now considered dangerous not only for the mother but also for the infant. There is a need to increase awareness in women in relation to childbirth methods.

Interview 2 Public vs. Private Hospitals
Second interview conducted highlighted biases that are found in women in relation to having childbirths in public or private hospitals. A study concluded that between 1995 and 1998, nine in ten women received episiotomy and this rate was similar in private and public hospitals where attendants attended all mothers. The study highlights that if this rate of 92 is applied on American women than it shows that 2.35 million American women are reported to undergo episiotomy in one year spontaneously. Thereby it can be concluded from this study that episiotomy was once a well-known method for childbirth and following these methods it is seen from the study that a higher number for women underwent episiotomy. Now awareness has increased that this method is not considered safe, as women have observed complications in this method. Birthrights include choices that are made by women in case of their childbirth and in the previous sections, it has been mentioned that these rights give a woman the freedom to choose safest surroundings, environment and conditions for childbirth. In this case, dominancy is seen in the case of public vs. private hospitals. In one of the interviews, respondent was found to be biased in case of opting between public hospitals and private hospitals.

Reasons were inquired to which she answered that infrastructure of public hospitals is in need of development. Doctors in public hospitals are not well qualified and they are not convincing enough. Medical Facilities provided at public hospitals are not hygiene as they are supposed to be. In addition to this, environment and surroundings of these hospitals is already so poorly built that patients cannot feel healthier. Childbirth is one of the most complicated and demanding medical procedure thereby hygienic and safer faculties are required for childbirth in order to ensure safe labor. Less hygienic facilities and environment in these hospitals can cause infections thereby further complicating situations for mother and the newborn. Mother in such situations is already at a risk and so is the infant. She added that in public hospitals, no options are given to women for choosing between methods of childbirth and doctors proceed with their own choice of method. While, in private hospitals, this is not the situation, doctors ask for the method of childbirth.

The respondents as to why she has not chosen public hospitals give many reasons. Birthrights as highlighted can give a woman a freedom to choose safest place for childbirth thereby there is a bias among women in case of public and private hospitals and this is highlighted in the interview. Studies reveal that caesarian section is an expensive method and only countries that have higher capital income can afford these methods. Thereby along with hazardous effects that are related with caesarian section, it is seen that caesarian sections are linked with causing discomfort and pain in women giving birth. In addition to this, it is seen that women demand caesarian sections over other childbirth methods as women in these days are found to be more obsessed with looking good even after childbirth with maintenance of sexual activity thereby higher social classes in these women do not take into account the risks involved in these childbirths methods. Caesarian section is a kind of surgery and it is considered as one kind of major surgery in childbirth thereby women are unaware of the fact that opting for this kind of major surgery is risky for their lives and theory heath that can not only out the child in jeopardy but of mothers as well.

Interview 3 Choices in Childbirth Methods
Third interview highlights choices that are made by women in relation to choosing between kinds of methods for childbirths. Studies and previous sections suggest that there are three dominant kinds of childbirth being used in the modern days researched by researchers. These include vaginal methods, c-sections and episiotomy. The respondent has certainly indicated that she has chosen caesarian section over other major methods and the main reasons in this case involves safe, painless and infection less childbirth. The women has indicated that she has observed from other women having pains and infections after vaginal births. Research has indicated that there are many infections and infections observed in women after episiotomy.

Caesarian sections were increasingly opted by women where the main reasons highlighted this method being safer as compared to other methods. Bias in women also exists in case of choosing public or private hospitals. In second interview, a women highlights that she has chosen private hospital for her second childbirth as medical facilities in these hospitals are reliable and safer as compared to public hospitals. Third interview highlights another Latin woman who has chosen caesarian section over other methods giving the same reason that it is safer. It is seen that Latin women in Brazil are more aware of complications that arise as a result of vaginal birth. It is observed that vaginal complications in women only arise because of negligence in medical healthcare facilities and this negligence is based on social and economic prejudices. It has been highlighted that important roles are played by lesser education, poverty, unawareness and these include women who already have many children, teenage single mothers, women who do not want children were mothers receiving lesser medical intervention. Additionally there is a need to prepare women psychologically that pains are a part of labor thereby these factors have also caused Latin women to make higher choices as caesarian sections avoiding vaginal delivery.

A study highlights that over 99 of births occur in hospitals in the presence of an obstetrician and there were no significant differences in subject women in relation to their epidemiological and ethnographic links. Epidemiologically more than 17 of women were below 20 years of age, whereas 19 of the families were making less than 100 a month, 28 of women had less than five years of schooling thereby having lesser levels of education while 19 of women who already had deliveries were continuing to have caesarian sections. In addition to this, 32 of births were from caesarian sections while only 30 were induced.

In developed countries, it is seen that caesarian sections have been decreased but in some cases these rates might still be higher. In case of Latin countries, a serious lack of national records has made it harder to records rates of caesarian sections in Latin hospitals. In this study, hospitals from Spanish, Portuguese, and French speaking American developing countries were included. These hospitals were of two categories, public and private.  It has been additionally observed that  number of caesarian sections is higher in private hospitals as compared to public hospitals. More than 50 of caesarian section cases are dealt in private hospitals. Study has highlighted a relationship between capital income per head and caesarian sections. These studies show that countries having per capital income around 2800 had caesarian section rates around 15. On the other hand, countries that have higher capital income had higher caesarian section rates.

Vaginal methods are considered less safe by women in case of childbirth. Respondent added that various women have a million complaints regarding this method. They have faced vaginal infections after this method. After childbirth, the women who underwent vaginal methods of childbirths had to go to the doctors for their medical follow-ups distracting them from taking care of their newborn thus inflicting more physical and psychological pain.

Caesarian sections are more common amongst women who were richer and more educated. These women after caesarian sections observe lesser gestational risks and even lesser complications.

Researches and Previous studies
This section will cover some studies that relate to kinds of birth options opted by Latina women. The studies included highlight choices made by Latina women in relation to childbirth based on knowledge and awareness. Thereby medical healthcare professionals believe that women are now more aware of their birthrights these days thus professionals do not have any influence on these women.  In this case, many studies have been conducted that highlight economics based distributions in providing medical healthcare facilities. These studies highlight the fact that medical healthcare facility providers in relation to vaginal birth and operative methods create fears. Ethnographic and epidemiological studies have been conducted.

Vaginal Delivery Vs Caesarian Sections
First study carried out by (Bhague, Victora, and Barros, 2002) studied approximately 6000 women who had been treated in their labor in hospitals in Brazil. All these mothers were categorized according to their age and education level. Interviews were carried out from these women five months after giving birth to children. Education reflects womens health seeking behaviors during labor, interactions based on gain of knowledge with medical heath care professionals including social activities as well as integration and social activities that help these women in learning facts about birthrights. In addition to this, this study also includes interviews conducted with nurses, doctors, and general practitioners.

In this study, data was collected from government organizations and from official statistics released and hospitals provided data between 1996 and 1997.

Interviews additionally indicate that more than 32 of women expect to have a caesarian section as vaginal birth  and operative methods are considered as negative and more risky to mothers health.  Thereby caesarean sections are considered as better and less risky. It has been mentioned in interviews that having vaginal birth, complications are faced by women as fetal stress, excessive pain and trauma to vagina. 

Thus this study indicates that awareness in relation to birth rights are higher and these were seen in case of women who belonged to higher social classes and were strong economically but these days awareness is increasing in other women knowing that vaginal births are risky and negative as compared to caesarian sections which are thereby less risky.

Increasing Rates Of Caesarian Sections In Latin Women
Rates of caesarian sections are studied by Belizn, Althabe, Barros, and Alexander, 1999) and this study concludes that many side effects are associated with caesarian sections in women.  These health risks increase and change with costs of health risk and these differ in women belonging to different social classes. Thereby there is an increased concern over growing rates of caesarian sections in Latin countries.

Table shows list of countries along with rates of caesarian sections. In this case, it is obvious that there are seven countries having caesarian sections rates lesser than 15 and rest of 12 countries have caesarian rates higher than 80 (Belizn,Althabe, Barros, and Alexander, 1999).

Higher Episiotomy Rates In Latin Women
Study carried out by (Althabe, Jos and Bergel, 2002) highlights importance of episiotomy rates in women who have given birth just once. It is argued in this study that episiotomy is not beneficial for women and for infants. This method in Latin women has been used and it was considered as a better method as compared to other methods. This research has highlighted that episiotomy has caused unnecessary pain, discomfort in women after delivery along with complications in healing process. This method has been lined with long-term harmful effects in women.

This study included 122 hospitals from 16 Latin American countries. Sample selection was done by selecting hospitals reporting greater than 35 spontaneous vaginal deliveries thus shortening the sample size to 105 hospitals in 14 countries. Of these hospitals, rates of episiotomy were higher than 90.

Findings
From studies that have been included, some findings are important.

Importance Of Birthrights
Birthright is a kind of human rights important to be realized by women in developing and under developed countries including Latin American countries. Women are to make independent choices in regards to birth control as to what methods are required for birth control to ensure safe and painless birth control. Women are to choose the medical health professionals for childbirth who are more professional and more aware about risks related to infections and complications after childbirth.

Awareness Of Birthrights In Latina Women
Education level and social status has been observed to play important roles in womens awareness in regards to childbirth in Latin women. Previously it has been reported that women having higher social status and higher education level are more aware about complications in relation to childbirth. These highly educated women are aware of the fact that caesarean method is safer as compared to vaginal methods. Women report that they have observed complications in vaginal birth control methods as these cause more pain and discomfort in women with lesser sexual activity. Thereby in Brazil and in other Latin countries it is seen that higher percentage of women follows caesarian method of childbirth. Thereby many studies are available that highlight positive and negative sides of each kind of childbirth. Awareness in women is increasing on a gradual basis and this has been the main reason of a decrease in influence of medical healthcare professionals. Thus Latin women are now more aware of birthrights that they hold. These rights have been given an importance by UN human Rights Commission.

Methods Of Childbirth Choices Of A Mother
These days Latin women are more aware of methods of childbirth. Caesarian section that was once considered a safe has now been researched to be unsafe and hazardous for womens health. Thereby caesarian is not considered as proper approach of childbirth. Caesarian section in higher societies is considered as fashion and it is realized that if higher numbers of women do not realize negative effects of caesarian sections than it is alarming. Thereby here it is realized that serious women for childbirth pay amount of money where these women in some cases do not realize what risk they are choosing for. Another method known as episiotomy was considered safe as compared to other methods but now the women are aware that these methods are unsafe although it is known that vaginal methods are also unsafe.

Reasons Behind Risky Choices
Among women in modern days there is an obsession of maintaining their sexual activities thereby they choose childbirth methods that are safe according to their limited knowledge and can help women in maintaining sexual activities. This has a far-reaching negative effect that can be anticipated.  Much debate has been carried out in regards to caesarian sections and their after effects. It has been realized that women are now more aware of their birth rights including reproductive rights and women are being empowered thus it is leading to greater alarming situation in comparison to rising caesarian section numbers in women since 1997 as reported by WHO.

Economic Status Of A Woman
Most important findings in this case the economic status of the patients and at a higher level, the country itself. Studies that have been included argue that important roles are played by economic status. Childbirth is an important part of womens lives and it has been argued that caesarian section is a comparatively expensive method thereby these methods are only being adopted by women who are wealthier. This is linked with the fact that the countries that are better financially adopt caesarian sections as childbirth methods as compared to poor countries.

Changes In Medical Healthcare Professionals Behaviors
Medical health professionals have observed and reported that women demand caesarian sections based on personal reasons as body image, other than medical reasons whereas it is proven that caesarian section is risky for childbirth. Thus no influence has remained on these women thereby all choices are presented to a women to choose from. In previous days, these health professionals used influences based on lesser awareness of these women exposing them with limited choices.
Thereby here it can be concluded that women are more aware of their birthrights and reproductive rights but this is more of an alarming situation as compared to when women were unaware. More choices are now available to Latin women especially women in Brazil thereby methods chosen for childbirth by women are risky and choices are based on personal rather than medical reasons.
Keeping in mind these facts additional studies have been carried out. These studies highlight effect  that are seen in women after pregnancies and childbirth. It has been mentioned that women have observed other women facing pains and infections along with fever after pregnancies. Unaware practitioners and women to methods of childbirth have related these main issues no doubt, methods of childbirth plays roles but additional roles are plated by previous health of a women. If a woman is weaker before pregnancy than after pregnancy after losing blood and a lot of energy will feel much weaker and her immune system might be affected as well. Thereby along with methods of childbirth major roles are played by the health of a women thereby it is suggested that woman start to plan and keep a check on their health in order to have a safe and a painless pregnancy. Researchers say that women always face minor health issues after pregnancies as back pain, hemorrhoids, constipation, varicose veins and if these minor health issues are ignored than these may lead to major health concerns.

Women need to know differences between vaginal births and caesarian childbirths so as they can make practitioner independent choices for childbirth methods. In case of vaginal childbirths many women after pregnancies might face discomforts in their genital areas. These symptoms are seen in the case of women who had episiotomy, tearing along with hemorrhoids. But these symptoms are not very common as these are observed in one third of women. As compared to vaginal births, caesarian sections are also among the methods that cause pain and discomfort in women. Caesarian sections may  result in trapping of gasses in digestive systems and these gasses may cause discomfort. As caesarian sections are related with surgeries thereby stitches thereby these stitches may cause itching and burning. Six to eight weeks is the maximum time that these itches will last. Thereby experts have suggested that the women must exercise after these surgeries.

Thus, women in these days, women are more aware about childbirth and about being given the rights to choose methods of childbirth.

Conclusion
Latin women are now more aware of their birthrights as compared to older days. Main difference has been seen in the case of medical healthcare professionals who have felt that the women are already more aware about choices that they have along with hazards and risks involved in childbirth methods. Childbirth is an important right for women thereby it is important that they learn to choose methods for childbirth. Human rights commission in UN argues that safe and nonhazardous childbirth is basic human rights held by all women. Many methods of giving birth are known but among these methods include those methods that were considered as safe but studies have shown that these methods as caesarian sections and episiotomy are not safe. Childbirth is a sensitive issue thereby there is a need to understand that women who is to become a mother is to chose for herself the process that is better for her for childbirth. Important fact is that many childbirth mortalities take place because of unsuitable and hazardous methods chosen for childbirths. In many cases, it is seen that after childbirth, children are separated from mothers for a short period. There is a need to change such practices as mother has the first right to see her child. Women and practitioners create many biases in relation to childbirth methods that are not in some cases, justified. Womens health plays roles in case of pregnancies and secondary roles are played by childbirth methods. It is indicated that after pregnancies women face minor health problems that include hemorrhoids and pain as well as weaknesses. Women have to keep in mind that these problems relate to health issues that they might be facing before childbirth. It has been seen that women having more iron in bodies face lesser of such problems after childbirth thereby there is a need of understanding in women that primary roles are played by health rather than childbirth methods. This information is highly important for women as it can help women  in making choices in case of childbirth thereby utilizing their birthrights.