Sociology

Social stratification
Social stratification is described as classification of people into groups characterized by set of shared social, economic and political dimensions in a given society.  The social stratification reviews shall be based on theories described by Max Webber, Pierre Bourdieu and Talcott Parsons with different suggestions on societal stratification hierarchies and social features determining the arrangements of the concept.

Max Webbers Theory on Social Stratification
Societal stratification concept is described as classification of people into the hierarchy with distinct features basically unequal distribution of resources in the society by Max Webber. It is perceived to be an attribute of a society which is passed on from one generation to another. Max theory suggests that the classification entails class, status and party based on factors such as property, prestige and power. It is described as differential ranking of individuals who possesses some features and their treatment as being inferior or superior to others in a social discipline. 

Webbers statements on class are exclusively confined to economy and wealth thus being in possession of accumulated material wealth, having dominion over products in market and in control over the situation in work force.  Ability to possess property in society defines being in main class characterized by high standard of living. The owners of property have high opportunities to access more and more wealth by controlling the market and engaging in more investment deals such as buildings, shares and land. Being in low class is characterized by type of work a person does in the market, workers may be skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled and the living standards will be determined by the wages they earn.

Status is defined by Webers theory as groups having common lifestyle or prestige which is visible. Party refers to institution of power characterized by struggle to rule and dominate over others. Power is having an ability to get a way regardless of resistance by displaying superiority over others. Categories of societal stratification are created by either material or cultural factors. In most case wealth determines the social status of an individual, acquisition of material wealth is exclusive factor which determines the lifestyle and prestige of a person in the society. Cultures sometimes dictate the stature of an individual such as the rituals, way of life and occupations. Though accumulation of wealth is not basic cause of status, some people who own property hold prestigious position in the community.

Pierre Bourdieus Theory on Social Stratification
The theory describes social stratification as an approach in which individuals are grouped in the society. It is perceived as capability of people to live according to rules set within the society and regarded crucial to the group. The term refers to arrangement of people into groups of power and wealth within the community.  The theory is classified into main categories habitus, field and capital and related concepts such as praxis and power. The theory uses praxis concept as social action and power to analyze the society.

Praxis is related to Webbers conceptualization it describes social actions and implies fundamentals features of human production in community to meet basic needs thus individuals actions are natural. It refers to an action in which humans produce and reproduce in the society in its culture, social end economic dimensions. It has role of acting as dialogue between the individuals acts and development in society. Financial praxis links individuals and a group sharing common interests resulting to satisfaction or dissatisfaction hence renewal of social organization of production in community which changes distribution of material wealth and forms of acquisition.

Habitus is set of new understanding, behavior and taste that links social composition and practices. It is past which is carried on to present and regulation laid down in early background making it possible in achieving infinite and diverse tasks dominated by past experiences. Habitus is described to be facets of structuring structures and structured structures. It is a general classification which is long- lasting and transposable from one field to another and also a dynamic intersection of structure and action with role of dialogue between person and society. Habitus is shared between individuals who have been exposed to similar environmental conditions resulting to personal characters making sense of social being featuring class and ethics.

Capital is described as accumulation of material wealth with elaborate historical conditions under which labor is performed by Webbers theory and similar case is with Pierres theory which state capital as accumulated and transmitted wealth to succeeding generations. In Pierres point of view labor is measurable and as a source of wealth resulting to power while Webbers describes capital as complex production, capitalism which expand exploitation. There are different kinds of capital namely cultural, social and symbolic. Economic capital is easily transferrable to monetary values while cultural and social will not thus capital concept involves having control over personal and others future. Individuals attempts to make most of the best from the capital giving chance in defining ones social stature and classes. Economic capital is most effective capital factors featuring capitalism which is converted into symbolic capital referred to as social and cultural capital resulting to wealth distribution and power. Process of obtaining economic, social and cultural capital is defined as financial, social and cultural production and reproduction by individuals, groups, classes and communities. Social, cultural and economic capital is characterized by struggle in distribution of resources as individuals compete to accumulate capital which is determined by positions of markets, achievements and material invested. Competition is based on reproduction of inequalities resulting to innovations as market position changes over time and social, cultural and economic living standards get higher in community while competition is highly intensified in order to gain more capital to maintain prestige.

Field is a concept describing modern society as a space of conflict and competition. It is a multidimensional space of points defined as distribution of suitable capital whereby positions differs according to political and social factors. Fields are further categorized into social field, economic field and cultural field. Social field is made up of groups and classes which individuals come from based on place of origin and activities social production and reproduction results into new relationship among individuals, associations, groups and classes. Economic fields involve labor deals with scarcity and competitions for chances to attain income, production and distribution of products and services thus process result in creation of wealth. Culture field includes acquisition of education, certification, titles, sports, art galleries, world views and costumes. The fields have regulations sharing common features in place of production, reproduction and distribution of products in the society. Fields are logical concepts of capital whereby capital can be transferred to another field though they are aspects of struggles determining capital.

Theory suggests capital as form power to be essential which is further described by Webbers theory. It is a main factor in social development which consigns other forces to be secondary status. Concept of power is not separated from cultural, economical, capital and social factors. Power gives chance of oneself to force will against others resistance and position to have way out.

Talcott Parsons on Second Class Citizenship Theory
Second class citizenship is defined by Talcott Parsons refers to Black Americans in US who have been deprived their rights to be citizens in the society. The term has been used to refer to status of Negro in American community. Citizenship is hard to be achieved by many individuals and group of people.  Citizenship can be categorized into Civil which each individual is entitled to all rights as stipulated by law, political with right to exercise political power will and social having basic rights to live and association regardless of race, religion or culture.

Kinship and ethnicity are not factors which determine solidarity in present day society but the ability to be in possession of citizenship status which has complex and universal rights and obligations. Neutralization is applied in contemporary society to treat community in relation to the interests, values and goals within the community. Economy has highly contributed to effective and efficient functions in the society today since the emergence of autonomous system of courts was subsequently as a result differentiated economic market. Organization nature in economy and lawful system started with introduction of the market laws with relations such as contract, property ownership and occupations.

Contracts are perceived to be potential in achieving independence by individuals, it is a social organization which is important in market positions and non- financial social situations. The owners, managers of business and entrepreneurs are lawfully accountable and in charge of penalties of liquidation in performance to maintain financial solvency to impose taxes in order to stabilize their functions volunteers contributors to religions, charity organizations and educational centre are collectively in legal privileges to deduct contributions from taxable income. Financial nature is tightly woven with labour market whereby there is employment in which individual have right to performances as employees in an organization and a right to be compensated by the employer  in exchange of the services.  Being in possession of property is regarded as financial organization with granting of essentials rights to use, rule and disposal of physical materials. Property ownership is legitimate whether the property is owned by individual or corporate it is economical. Property ownership aspects including aggregation and differentiation, the rights of property are associated with unique functions in present lawful system thus it is most likely that owners will have different categories of property rights depending on the state of the property ownership which is carried in status of political structure.

The central part of community is communal organization with general function is t pull together system of costumes in which individuals are collectively organized and incorporated thus the citizens of community must accept  the obligation set to server the community as an individual or collectively. The willingness to serve and perform military duties is a sign of loyalty therefore the rights and obligation should be culturally legitimized.