Sociology

A timeline is a provision of the social and political events and their contents. In my essay, I will consider the industrial age and its resultant human rights achievements. There were numerous events and a succession of political jolts that led to the rising of workers demanding both political and economic power. This was in struggle to free themselves from demeaning bonds and also demand for the rights of women. The debate resulted into an intensified human rights campaign and advanced capitalism and industrial revolution in social conflict.

1802 Napoleon restores slavery in French colonies. Slaves were used as a source of labor without any pay.

1802 Factory Health and Morals Act. The laws were meant to regulate the poor working conditions in the work paces.

Abolishment of slave trade. This was the declaration of slave trade as illegal in the country. This helped the slaves to achieve their human rights
1807 Britain abolishes slave trade.
1810 Venezuela abolishes slavery.
1812 Argentina abolishes slavery.
1823  The republic of Chile abolished slavery.
1829 Mexico abolishes slavery.
1834 The Great Britain frees Caribbean slaves.
1840 World anti slavery conference.
1854 Peru abolishes slavery.
1880-1886 Cuba abolishes slavery.

1820 Missouri compromise. The agreement demanded the admission of both a slave owning state as well as a non slaving state concurrently. This worked well in fighting anti slavery.

Civil Wars. 1810-1824 civil wars and revolutions in Spanish possessions.
1861-1865 American Civil Wars.  It was Civil War with the North fighting against the South for nationalism. The North won the war. 

Revolutions. 1830 Revolution. The fight was against the big gap between the rich and the poor.
1848 Revolutions bloody June days in Paris Seneca Falls convention. These included numerous revolutions in February that led to the removal of Napoleon. They were fighting for the political reforms, harsh working conditions and job insecurity. In Paris, more than eleven thousand people were killed by the government.

Social and Voting Rights
1832 England first reform bill. It was passed in the House of Lords. The bill implemented a flat property qualification tax for eligible male voters and widened the electoral base. It provided the business class that had already been strengthened by industrialization with a political position, thus rivaling the elite.

1837 Chartist Petition.

1838 Peoples Charter.

1838-1848 Chartism. The chartist movement was a strong labor peoples movement. The movement emerged from the Peoples Charter. The movement intensively campaigned for voting and social rights.
1860 Abraham Lincoln was voted in as the President of the United States.  The president was an abolitionist who was fighting for nationalism.

1864 International socialists association was founded. The movement aimed at developing policies and strategies for promoting political, social and economic rights.

1867 Second Reform Act- extension of suffrage.

Workers protection
1846 Repeal of Corn Law. The law took into consideration the interests of the industrialists. Earlier, the industrialists were outweighed by the land owners.

1847 Ten Hours Act. The act reduced the number of working hours per day to ten hours. This was to control the workers overworking by their employers.

1871 Paris commune. This was a socialists and anarchists revolutionary municipal council. The council advocated against the harsh Germany peace settlement and led to demonstrations.

Capitalism was one of the major causes of the socialism heated debate on human rights. There was conflicting information in demand to know why only those who had property were allowed to vote. This was doubtful if capitalism would represent the interests of everyone in the society.  The working class organization was formed in 1864 and helped to raise hopes to the emerging of socialism as well as help in uniting against imperialism. In my essay, I will show that the struggle for social justice, women rights, anti slavery and workers rights was as a result of socialism.

Industrialization led to the growth of economic hardships where intensive migration due to urbanization took place which increased the social groups gap. The Congress of Vienna created a conservative climate that led to the predominant liberal and nationalistic reaction that prevailed in the 1830s. The 1848 revolution led to the breaking of the alliances against legitimate regimes by the industrialized countries and speeded up the formation of the human right perspectives.  This led to a shift in the socialistic movement and resulted in the intense of struggling for the civil, political and economic rights. (Micheline 2004, 121)

In the east of Europe, the movement was calling for self determination and national unity through the strong opposition. The fruits of this were portrayed in the American civil war and its hybrid. This conflict between the north and the south led to the galvanizing of the anti slavery campaign. The prevalence of nationalism in the end of the nineteenth century contributed to the First World War.
The liberals were against the congress of Vienna on its formation. Religion was reintroduced by the European aristocrats with an aim to counter the French revolution.  This led to the strengthening of the church and emergence of new ways of expression. In 1830s revolutionaries that were against the monarchial and the religious orders invoking a secular and republican discourse of human rights prevailed. This led to the uniting of liberals and republicans during the decade.  (Micheline R 123)

The liberals human right agenda was advanced by the initial social change in Great Britain. The unequal political representation and the land owning aristocracy had led to the growth of fear of emerging violence. The house of the lords passed the Reform Bill in 1832.

The Corn Law was repealed in 1846 where the industrialists interests were privileged over those of the land owners. The materials and political aspirations of the working class were recognized in Britain and this was a great development on human rights. This also led to the reduction of the working hours for both women and children in the following year to ten hours. 

The chartist movement was a social movement for the parliamentary reform that was named after the Peoples Charter. However, not all the demands of the movement were met where the male suffrage remained limited. Also qualification to the House of Commons by common man limited public participation. (Micheline 2004, 124)

There were intensive advocates on the political scene by the working class for the reforming of the elections but this had unshakable opposition, leading to the eruption of riots and formation of barricades which resulted into a revolution in February.

The formation of the international social movement that worked to improve on the human rights was a great positive achievement. The Paris commune heavily challenged the wealthy industrialists as they demanded for government controlled prices on goods in addition to the improved working conditions.  The experience of the Paris commune led to reigniting of labor activism in Europe. The social democratic movements rapidly grew despite attempts by the leaders to suppress it. The Labor Party in England later emerged as a strong independent force and was able to gain welfare from the liberal and conservative governments.

In America, industrialization also caused a wave in human rights mainly through the strong anti slavery campaign. There were conflicting opinions between the north and the south since the south mainly depended on slaves as the source of labor. The 1820 Missouri compromise helped to enforce strict laws against slavery. (Micheline 2004 125)

With the emergence of Abraham Lincoln as the President of the United States, this empowered the north and resulted in the Civil War the following year.  The north was appealing to nationalism to save the Union and the south was calling for the states of self determination. As the north emerged, victorious unity prevailed in the states and liberal political principles were committed. Of major importance, the United States called off slavery in the country and this was a major score towards the human rights.

In conclusion, in the nineteenth century, Vienna Congress, the 1830 together with the 1840 revolutions, the Paris commune and the American civil war were the major events towards achievement of the human rights intensive campaigns. But this war is far from over.