Sociology

This book titled Cardozo is authored by Andrew Kaufman. Kaufman after 40 years of work has written what can be described as the definitive biography of Justice Benjamin Cardozo. Benjamin Cardozo was among the premier judges who served in New York Court of Appeals which is one of the most influential states in United States and one of the supreme courts. During time in the New York Court of Appeals, Cardozo rewrote the law of tort with his stamp. His characterization of negligence, assumption of risk and proximate cause still dominate throughout the land even after about 60 to 80 years after his decision.

Benjamin Cardozo was born in New York City in the year 1870. He was the son of Albert Cardozo and Rebecca Washington. He was a twin to his sister Emily and was a cousin of Emma Lazarus the poet. He was named after a vice president of the New York Stock Exchange Benjamin Nathan who was his uncle. He was also the victim of the famous unsolved murder case of 1870. His mother died in 1879 and therefore he was raised by his elder sister Nell. He wanted to join into a profession that could materially aid himself as well as his siblings and at the same time he hoped to restore the family name which has been tarnished by his father who was a judge.

He studied law and practiced law in New York City until 1914. In November 1913 he was elected narrowly to 14 year tem on the New York Supreme Court. He took office in January the following year but by February of the same year he was designated to the New York Courts Of Appeals under 1899 Amendment. In 1917 he was appointed to a regular seat on the Courts of appeal so that he could fill a vacancy which was as a result of Samuel Seabury resignation. In 1926 both by republican and democrat tickets he was elected again on a 14 year term as a chief judge. In 1932 he resigned to accept an appointment to the United States Supreme Court where he succeeded Justice Oliver Holmes. His appointment was described as one which was not influenced by politics or partisanship but which was strictly based on the nominees contribution to law. His appointed was highly recommended by various institutions.

Benjamin Cardozo suffered a heart attack in late 1937. In early 1938 he suffered stroke and he later died in July 1939 at the age of 68 years. He was buried at Queens in Beth-Olam cemetery. Benjamin Cardozo death came at a time that there was so much transition in the courts because many of the judges had either died or retired during the late 1930s.

The author has recounted all of these effectively by combining the legal analysis with the biography. Cardozo was the son of a judge whose name was tarnished with scandals. People have for along time theorized Cardozos action as away of trying to retrieve the lost honor. Cardozo would turn away gifts even those that judges routinely accepted in their practice. The author has overplayed the honor theme in Cardozos legal analysis. For instance in the case of Meinhard vs. Salmon the judge declared that in fiduciary obligations matters a trustee is usually held to something stricter than the morals of the marketplace. Kaufman may be stretching Cardozos opinion in order to achieve his desired conclusion views the decision as a result of Cardozos efforts to implant a sense of conduct which honorable in to law.

According to Kaufman, Cardozo did mush as any other supreme judges would have done in order to give legitimacy to the legal regime which was brought forth by the New Deal and especially to widen the scope of federal power at the expense of the states. This aspect of Cardozos career explains without doubt the affection the he held is with by those in legal profession who believe that federal courts and federal government can heal or the ills in the society.

This book by Kaufman about Cardozo can be described as a major event in the world of judicial biography, law and legal literature. This book has been able to put across clearly the special environment which shaped Cardozo. This is the Sephardic heritage which set him apart even though he ceased religious practice after his Bar mitzvah but always remained proud of his Jewish heritage. Benjamin practiced a celibate life. In his life he remained unmarried. Due to the fact that he was tutored by Horatio Alger who had been accused of inappropriate relations with young boys led some biographers to insinuate that he was homosexual but there is no tangible evidence to support this claim.

Kaufman in his argument claims that even though one cannot absolutely be certain it is likely that Benjamin Cardozo lived a celibate life. This is also asserted by other scholars who claim that Cardozo devoted his life to his elder sister Nell who passed away in 1929. They claim that when Cardozo was asked about why he never married during this time his reply was that he could not have been able to put his sister at a second place in his life.

Cardozo ranks together with Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., John Marshall, learned hand and Louis D. Brandeis as the best and greatest jurists in American history. Kaufman has dedicated his work to both Cardozos life and work even though most of it revolves around his work because his life was work. Kaufman work offers a insightful examination of Cardozos judicial work because he analyzes the development as well as maturation of his thinking regarding the many legal principles which today are the mainstay of America jurisprudence.

In conclusion, Kaufman book titled Cardozo which he spent 40 years researching about can be described as an exhaustive biography and a thorough analysis of his influence on American law. This book will surely remain over the years the definitive biography of this pivotal figure in the history of American law. The author Andrew Kaufman does not offer any apology on why it took so long to document this biography and in fact he need not to. The writing is contemplative, supple and judicious. The ideas flow very well and it thus catches the attention of the reader. This book can be read by both lay people and lawyers. This is because it is written in a lucid and clear prose which eschews much of current academic jargon thus making it readable.

Introduction
Early life of Benjamin Cardozo
Benjamin Cardozo was born in New York on May 24, 1870.  The Cardozo family is one of the most distinguished clans in New York during that time.  His forbearers were one of the founders of the Congregation of Shearith Israel, the oldest congregation in North America.  Benjamin was the son of Judge Albert Cardozo and Rebecca Nathan, where his father was a vice president and a trustee of the Congregation of Shearith Israel and his mother was a plain housewife.  Public service and law runs in the Cardozo blood which may have primarily influenced Benjamin when he took his path in political science and law.  Benjamin experiences a well-off life because his family belonged to the upper class in the society until they have suffered a major setback when his father, Albert, was forced to resign in the congregation due to nepotism. In the later part of his life, he became an agnostic and had stopped attending religious services.  Despite this, Benjamin remained to be a proud Jew until the last times of his life.  To manifest this, he refused to eat pork and shellfish and even welcome such in his house for the rest of his life.  At the age of 25, he started one of his earliest battles of principles when he fought for the elimination of gender-segregated seating in the synagogue.  His stand in this issue became one of the most notable in the Jewish history.  Benjamin also became active in social-oriented activities for the Jews.  At one point in his life, he joined the Judean Club, an association intended to gather together every Jewish gentlemen to act for the advancement of the spiritual and intellectual aspirations of the Jews.  His whole life was dedicated for the service of his fellow Jewish citizens and the fight for their rights and welfare.

Law School
At a very young age, Benjamin was always fascinated with the nature of human law.  When he turned fifteen, he immediately sought his place at the Columbia College to finish his preparatory course.  He graduated as the top student in their class and pursued his Bachelors of Law at the Columbia Law School.  Unfortunately, he was not able to finish his degree.  Despite this failure, Benjamin remained excellent in all of his endeavors.  In fact, after his law school, he joined his fathers firm where he had earned a great reputation from his performance in the bar.  He particularly described himself as a commercial law litigator, and because of this, other lawyers in that firm seek for his assistance on complicated cases.  Upon his passing in the bar on 1891, he began practicing appellate law together with his brother.  After sometime, he practiced law in New York where he gained humungous reputation for winning complex cases.  His struggle to become successful in his law career was his effort to restore their familys tainted name and d his fathers glory when the old Cardozo left the practice.

Body
Judicial philosophy
Natural Law
Natural law, also known as the law of nature, is a theory suggesting that everything is in adherence with the laws of the nature.  This set of laws are closely in relation to morality, therefore, for acts of man to be considered valid, it has to be in direct relationship with societys accepted norms.  To elaborate on its meaning, natural law basically encompasses all human laws in satisfaction with the eternal laws and to promote the common good.  The criteria for the right and wrond under the natural law are dependent on circumstances.  Believers of the natural law posit that an unjust law is no law at all.

Legal Positivism
Legal positivism, on the other hand, is the complete opposite of natural law.  This theory suggests that there should be no relationship between morality and laws, and that the application of laws must be based primarily on the existence of facts in society.  Legal positivists believe that the law is created and can be diminished by humans, and by saying that, laws must not conform to morals or ethical standards because such are conceptualized by humans and have no fixed meaning.

Legal Realism
Legal realism is another theory in jurisprudence which explains that the real practice of law is what defines law.  It does not matter whether the practice is perceived to be right or wrong by the moral standards of society.  Since laws, according to legal realism theory, are created by human beings, it is subject to faults, imperfections, and failures, thus, man shall not regard it as perfect element of human existence.  Legal realists believe in the indeterminacy of laws which actually states that the laws on book cannot necessarily resolve all disputes of all kinds.  Resolutions are dependent on how litigators, lawyers, and judges weigh substantial information.

Critical Legal Studies
This jurisprudence theory is the youngest of all being developed in the 1970s.  This theory posits that law is largely contradictory and its mere characteristic is that it is the implementation of rules and policies from a dominant group in the society.  The first wave of the critical legal studies can be traced back during the American Legal Realism when a large portion of the society is influenced by civil rights movement and anti-war movements during the late 1960s.

New York Appellate Court
McPherson v. Buick Motor Company (opinion by Cardozo)
This case was a dispute between plaintiff Donald McPherson and defendant Buick Motor Company.  Facts of the case presented showed that the plaintiff was accusing the defendant of liability due to a defective wheel purchased.  The defendant was the one who manufactured the vehicle purchased by McPherson.  When it was inspected that the wheel was indeed defective, the defendant denied his liability because the wheel was not purchased directly from their company and instead, it was obtained from a dealer.

This case is identified in the characteristics of voluntary contract by privity towards the defendant.  The modern tort law theory explains that all citizens are obliged to exhibit highest virtue towards their peers, thus, justifying the essence of direct relationship between a plaintiff and a defendant.  Cardozos precursor rule for this case ordered that the defendant shall exercise product liability towards McPherson.  According to scholars, Cardozos decision was a representation that the liability of the manufacturer is still present even if the plaintiff did not directly obtained the product from the company. This situation does not remove the responsibility of care of the manufacturer from the products that it produces.  Cardozos decision on this mandates that the liability of care, especially on products, must extend even to the second degree of affinity.

Appointment to US Supreme Court
Cardozos appointment to the Court
In the February of 1914, under the Amendment of 1899, Cardozo was designated in the New York Court of Appeals.  He was the first Jew to ever sit as an official in the Court of Appeals.  When Samuel Seabury, former justice in the Court of Appeals resigned, Cardozo was appointed to fill in the vacancy.  That was the first permanent position that Cardozo had in his years of practice in the legal justice.  In 1917, his career as a justice advanced when both the Democratic and Republican parties voted and endorsed him to a 14-year term in the Court of Appeals.  After 14 years, he was again elected as the Chief Justice to serve for another full term starting 1926.  Although Cardozo was privileged to complete the 14-year term as Chief Justice of the Appellate Court, he resigned before his fifth year took place and have accepted an offer to become the chief justice of the United States Supreme Court.  His remarkable advancement in his career made him reputable in the industry and in history of legal management and practice.  His appointment to the US Supreme Court was made by President Herbert Hoover as the successor of late Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes.  Cardozos appointment was criticized because such commends were seldom made in the history, according to a New York Times commentary.  In his tenure in the office, Cardozo was being applauded by many political personas primarily because the new Supreme Court justice was not motivated by any political parties and did not exercise partisanships in implementing the rules of the court and deciding on the outcome of every case.  He became one of the three so-called three musketeers in the Supreme Court due to his conviction that the court must have tight adherence to the tenth amendment.

Cases heard during six year term and opinions
His term as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was mostly about contract laws and cases.  His dealings with disputes among companies towards workers or individuals made him become more famous and tagged him as one of the most brilliant minds of legal arena in the history.  During those times, conflicts on contracts were prevalent due to the rapid industrialization that forced courts to adapt new setting s to be transformed into common laws.  Among his handled cases most notable in the history of US Supreme Court are  Meinharn v. Salmon which was basically a dispute concerning fiduciary duties of business partners.  Cardozo emphasized here that, Not honesty alone, but the punctilio of an honor the most sensitive.  Another was the DeCicco v. Schweizer where Cardozo applied the third party beneficiary law in a marriage case, Jacob  Youngs v. Kent where the US Supreme Justice then argued that the damages which are products from a breach of contract are limited only to the attenuation of the propertys value if the end result of the case would only be an economic waste.

Conclusion
Cardozos interpretation of philosophy and  law
Cardozo, in his tenures as justice of different courts, believed that the ruling of the court and the orders set by laws must be obeyed by people in respect to fairness and objectivity.  Although Cardozo still recognizes that laws are subject to amendments prior to the complexities of each disputes, he reiterated that the laws shall be the highest ruling in the land to sustain social order.  Cardozo was able to apply the positive sides of natural law and the legal positivism.  He recognizes the will and responsibility of the people to take charge of the welfare of their fellow being.

Question 1 The role of the World Bank
World Bank is a specialized agency whose main objective is to assist member states fight poverty. It spends over 24 billion every year in several activities which focus on agriculture, trade, education, health, infrastructure and governance. It provides funding for developmental projects aimed at promoting economic growth, emphasizes on the need to fight corruption and developing legal institutions as well as enhancing the role of private investment especially in developing countries (World Bank, 24). The institution gives loans, grants, and provides technical assistance to governments and private investors.
         
Industrialization projects have often been regarded by the World Bank as the basic components for structural changes which lead to economic growth. By 1990, 16.9 of the Banks lending was channeled to industrial projects. Korea has been a major recipient of funding from the Bank due to its loan utilization and project execution. Projects financed by the IBRD in Korea have been implemented successfully and they range from agricultural sector like irrigation, to the transport sector. It has also benefited from technical experts who were crucial in the preparation of Koreas Fourth and Five Year Plan. South Korea has advanced significantly in technology which has enabled its first transformation to developed status. Currently, major products exported by Korea include electronic products, communication equipments, machinery and transport equipments and computers (World Bank, 42).
             
Many countries in Africa have benefited from the industrialization projects initiated by the World Bank. Democratic Republic of Congo is a beneficially of a project aimed at developing the Grand Inga Hydropower comprising of two power plants and with a capacity to generate close 45000 MW. Currently, World Bank provides over 300 million for rehabilitation of the two plants so as to increase their potential to 1300 MW. Facilitators of the project claim that its output will supply electricity to over 500 million Africans. Another World Bank project is the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund Project (PPAF), whose aim is to lessen poverty and empower people living in rural and urban areas. The Bank provided 350 million credit to the governments poverty reduction strategy and a further 430 million, which focused on irrigation, human development and education. The aim of the project was to improve public finance, financial regulation and governance. This project increased trade flows and lowered the cost of transit and it is reported that over 6 million people benefited from micro credit loans and small scale business projects (World Bank, 69).
       
Agriculture account for 57.9 of Congos GDP and its main exports include coffee, cotton, palm oil, rubber, diamond and copper. Exports form Pakistan comprise of textile products, rice, chemicals, and household products.  

Question 2 What is Mass Media
Mass media is that section of communication either in writing, word of mouth or broadcast, conveyed to a large audience. The purpose of mass media is to spread information and create awareness to as many people as possible through national communication networks like the internet, radio, televisions, and circulation of newspapers and magazines. Mass media focuses on entertaining people through sports, comedies, videos and music. Its also used for business purposes like advertisement, marketing and public relations, spreading of social issues such as public announcements, and political information (Rothman, 17). It is a persuasive tool whose main intention is to influence people to believe in a certain concept or prefer a particular commodity over the other.
           
Mass media has become a significant tool in shaping different cultures. In Kenya, mass media has had a large influence especially to the youthful generation who tend to associate with other cultures practiced in developed countries. Also referred to as mediated culture, westernization has made the youth rely so much on ideas that are not important or beneficial to the livelihoods. In America, the celebrity status of individuals has largely been initiated by the media through movies, music and television programs. The effects of mass media can be analyzed through a limited theory perspective which say that since people choose what to view and listen, its effects rarely changes peoples perception (Rothman, 67). However, the media is powerful tool which can sway the less informed and manipulate people. Peoples integrity can easily be eroded by aping vulgar language, scanty dressing and watching explicit programs.
             
Propaganda is a selective way of communication where facts are presented partially with the intention of influencing an audience. George Bush used propaganda to influence America to go to war with Iraq purporting that it possessed nuclear weapons. After close to two years, the weapons were never discovered and America had occupied Iraq on unproven facts. Question 3 Global Companies and Organizations
           
Globalization has been made possible due to the advancement of telecommunication, transport and finance systems. Proctor and Gamble which deals with beauty, health and household products has had a significant impact on both developed and developing economies. With its presence in over 180 countries, PG has not only enable people to access quality products, but also has been instrumental in job creation. Coca-cola which is also a global producer of beverage products has received worldwide acclamation due to provision of high standard soft drinks (Cooke, 51). Both companies have been instrumental in uplifting the living standards of developing countries through job creation, increased revenue for the government, utilization of local resources and diversification of products available to the consumers.
           
However, these multinationals have been criticized with engaging in unfair competition which leads to the collapse of local companies. Since they have access to a strong capital base and modern technology, they produce and sell their products cheaply thus crowding out the local companies. Moreover they engage in aggressive marketing compared to their competitors thus eating into their market share. Coca-Cola products have also been subject to health concern with allegations that they contain high toxic acidity levels (Cooke, 78). In conclusion, multinationals have been known to manipulate public policies by demanding for tax cuts and tax holidays which cuts on the revenue the government collects. Moreover, due to their popularity and market capitalization, they can influence economic policies that concern foreign exchange movement, minimum wage regulations, and marketing policies. Close government supervision is crucial in order to ensure that global companies do not exploit local economies.  

The intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score derived from several tests designed and standardized to supposedly assess intelligence. IQ, which was developed by the German psychologist William Stern back in 1912, is from the German word Intelligenz-Quotient. It was a method proposed to measure childrens intelligence tests including those tests developed in the early 20th century by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.

Today, the term IQ is still used, but the scoring of the modern IQ test with the use of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The tests are supposedly done for several context including educational achievement or special needs. Though data show that there is an increase of an average three points per decade most significantly in the lower half of the scale since the early 20th century, but were data and methodologies accurate Is it accurate enough for scientific proof or is it just a mere mistake
IQ tests spark some controversy over what they mean to society, and how accurate the measured results truly are. The predominant measure of IQ uses logic for measuring intelligence. But there are many possible inconsistencies that can be present in the test. For instance, a person with rich emotional intelligence but at the same time is less capable in comprehending the implication of sequentially arranged shapes would mean less IQ. Another disadvantage is seen to illiterate individuals, though illiteracy does not always result to unintelligence.

There is a big hole in the measuring of mans intelligence.  There has been a stereotype for intelligence which has been based on the presuming scales. In my opinion, intelligence cannot be measured universally. There is a problem in the standard used for measuring IQ. Logic does not wholly represent intelligence. It is a complex topic and could denote several and sometimes different points. With this points, it would be more appropriate to refer to IQ to what its actually testing  logic but not actually intelligence.

Leadership is a fundamental tool in the modern-day world and effectiveness of leadership can, to a greater extent, influence the effectiveness of performance in an entire organization. However, the incapability of leaders to put in order and manage effectively the ability of the organization in many times leads to the decline in performance of the organization and may result to a reflective internal crisis (Bennis, 1989). Generally, present-day leaders should equip themselves with a broad range of qualities and traits that add up to their effective role and management of any given organization or business unit. First of all, it may be noted that the modern-day leaders should arm themselves with traditional leadership characteristics such as charisma, the ability to unite people and induce them to hold up decisions made by the leader (Bennis, 1989). In this way, such traditional personality makes the leader to utilize the power which is not based on his formal leadership authority but on his individual authority. In such a scenario, the ceremonial authority of the leader may rather be complementary than the domineering authority (Bennis, 1989).

It is true that one can not just become a leader by posing to be one. Having followers does not make one a great leader. People have tried to woo followers but all in vain. This means there are qualities that distinguishes one to be good leader. Leadership is a winning combination of individual traits and the power to act and think as a leader. Leadership requires that one works to it. One can transform himself to a leader by following simple steps (Bennis, 1989). Being proactive is the core of leadership but most leaders tends to be reactive instead. It involves identifying possible problems and working towards them before they reach crisis proportional. To be effective in leadership one needs to have vision. It is the vision of a leader that gives direction. Without vision, efforts in planning do not make sense. As a leader one must have a clear vision statement which incorporates ones passion and dreams (Bennis, 1989).

 Excelling in leadership involves sharing ones vision. By doing so, the growth of vision and development of ones leadership is ensured. If people recognize one as an individual with potential of leadership, this inspires ones leadership skills grows. Besides this, a leader should be in a position to inspire others. This is a vivid indication that leadership can only be defined through actions and not mere words (Covey, 1992).

For example, if one is asked to give two people whose leadership inspires them There is a possibility that the answer will be followed by reasons or things through which the leader has actually inspired in ones life. The lesson here is that for one to develop ones leadership skills, he or she has to walk, react and live his or her vision always.  It is in this way that ones need for integrity comes in. Being a leader is duly expensive. It takes commitment and persistent effort to develop the leadership skills. A positive attitude is needed for one to grow step by step in leadership (Normand and Harry, 1996).

In conclusion, good leadership is significant to any business success.  Ones efforts to improve ones leadership skills would be rewarded amply. The present-day leader should be in a position to manage and effectively handle the whole organization. This implies that the modern-day leader should have qualities and traits which are more typical for a general manager than just a leader (Normand and Harry, 1996). In respect to this, it should be noted that the leader should be in a position to plan, manage, develop effective strategic plans, and control the organizations performance and its development plan. These are pivotal characteristics of the functioning and effectiveness of a manager. Currently, such traits are crucial for a leader as well since purely leadership qualities are not sufficient enough for the effective functioning of any organization (Covey, 1992).

Chopsticks are traditional eating utensils used in many Asian countries. This type of utensil is made up of two tapered sticks of the same length. It can be used by positioning one of the sticks between the middle finger and the thumb while the other stick is placed on the forefinger and the thumb. The pair of sticks will then be maneuvered to grasp and pick up the food.

The term chopsticks were derived from a Chinese Pidgin English chop chop which means quickly. In the earlier times, the word chopsticks have been banned on ships primarily because it sounded like stop. It was eventually replaced to mean quick or fast little fellows. Consequently, the term began to grow in popularity as more and more Chinese started using this word. The history of chopsticks dates back in Ancient China. As early as the Shang Dynasty, people were recorded using these as tools for eating. They were excavated in the provinces of Anyang, Houjianzhaung, and Henan (Asian Art Mall, 2009).

Although they originated in China, chopsticks also prove to be very popular in other Asian countries. In fact, they are also considered traditional eating utensils in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. They are commonly used for eating rice, meat, and vegetables. In countries such as Tibet and Thailand, chopsticks are exclusively used for eating noodles.

Chopsticks vary in length and materials. Some chopsticks measure about 30 to 40 centimeters. Long chopsticks are often used for preparing and cooking foods. In Japan, it is often used for deep fried cooking. It is referred to as saibashi. Because of its length, this type of chopstick is very practical in handling hot food. Shoter chopsticks on the other hand, are generally used for eating, but it can also be used for cooking.

When it comes to materials, chopsticks can be made from metal, jade, bamboo, plastic, wood, and ivory. Wood and bamboo chopsticks are cheap and inexpensive. They are also ideal for handling matte food surfaces. This type of material is also disposable thus, they are ideal to be used in restaurants and eateries. Similarly, chopsticks made from plastic also prove to be inexpensive. However, its slippery and glossy texture makes its ineffective to pick up food. Apart from this, plastic chopsticks are also not ideal for cooking since high temperature can easily damage the material. Other materials used for making this utensil include ivory, gold, silver, and jade. These are considered luxury items and are often given as gifts and heirlooms.

Chopsticks may also vary when it comes to embellishments and tapering. For instance, some chopsticks are designed to either have a blunt or pointed end. Blunt chopsticks offer a greater grip for holding food while pointed ones allow the user to easily pick out parts of the food such as fish bones. Conversely, chopsticks also have different embellishments. Wooden chopsticks for example, are often painted or lacquered in order to make them waterproof. There are also times when chopsticks are roughened to allow greater food grip.

Much like the use of silverware, using chopsticks also comes with certain rules and etiquette. One of the most common chopsticks rule is that these utensils are not used to create noise or draw attention. Creating sounds with chopsticks or playing with them is considered vulgar and ill mannered. Likewise, chopsticks are also not used to pierce food. Most traditionalists consider this practice a taboo and is considered rude and offensive.

Chopsticks etiquette may also vary depending on the country. In Chinese culture for instance, it is acceptable to eat by holding the bowl with the chopsticks near to ones mouth. In Hong Kong, the eldest family member has the privilege to hold and use the chopsticks first. It is also customary to use serving chopsticks to transfer food from the serving dish to ones plate. In Japanese etiquette, chopsticks are placed in chopstick rests when not in used. In some cases when chopstick rest is not available, it is acceptable to use a tissue or the chopstick case. In Korean culture, it is considered ruse to eat rice using chopsticks. Thus, spoons are used instead while chopsticks are reserved for eating noodles and other dishes.

Events-- The Brock s family consists of father, mother, daughter and son. It is an African American middle class family. There is a unusual development within the family which led to a crisis situation whereby the vanes the wife after Tia leaves for college she relocates at her parents home leaving her husband and son to live all by themselves. She visits daily to clean and cook. Both children react to the sudden change in relationships between parents by Corey experimenting with alcohol and Tia has unexplained weight loss. The family is referred for therapy. Corey does not show up after the first and Dereck goes reluctantly.

Code Describe event or milestone below

Event A

Father-Dereck 42 Sales Executive Mother Vanessa 40 Teacher Daughter Tia 19 College Student Son Corey 17 High School Senior.

Event B

Tia returns home during spring break and has considerable weight loss.Event C

Tia is brought tom the Emergency by her parents and subsequently admitted to the hospital. Event D

No medical reason for the weight loss can be established through diagnostic tests.

Event E

The family is refereed for therapy to rule out psychological causes.Event F

Interaction at sessions

Event G

The entire family attends even though Dereck was reluctant and passive. It was revealed that Corey was still experimenting with alcohol unknowing to his parents Tia was an honor student but her grades had dropped Vanessa let the home to live with her parents six months after Tia left for college.Tia suggests that Corey takes sometime off from school

Event H
Vanessa admits to being unhappy for a long time but choose when the children were grown and left the house to deal with her discomfort.Event I

Vanessa left and retuned to her parents home when her husband was home from work in the evenings.Event J Cordial communication continued but it was very strange behavior, Vanessa leaving each night for her parents home.

Event K

Vanessa gave a family history of cordiality and admitted to moving out of her parents home leaving for college. Dereck had a difficult childhood growing up in foster homes after his mom diedEvent L

Corey appeared to be distant when family members are at home. He keeps to his room and watches the television.

Event M
Tia seemed upset and frightened but neither parents made any attempt to console her.

Event N
Tia rarely sits down with her parents to eat. She would keep herself busy postponing the event.

Event O

Vanessa confesses that Dereck is very reserved and does not open up. She describes him as a workaholic

Event P
Dereck  admits that he misses Vanessa in the home in response to her saying that he is so shut Off

E vent Q

Tia accuses her mom of controlling the relationship between herself and Derek because she felt that she was jealous.

Event R

Vanessa denies the accusations and is willing to move on.

Event S
The session ended up with each family member blaming the other for the disruptions experience over the past months.

GLOBAL ASSESSMENT RELATIONAL FUNCTIONSCORESTotal 60-65

PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS- 60-65
This familys Problem Solving Techniques are limited to very little or no communication between and among family members. Hence Vanessa leaves the matrimonial home and Corey distances himself.

ORGANIZATION65-70
Distinctly, Vanessa maintains the organization because she returns everyday to cook and clean which maintains her role and function in the organizational structure. Nonetheless she leaves when ever Dereck returns from work. This is a definite imbalance.

EMOTIONAL CLIMATE----55-60
This can be considered tense and difficult. There is no aggression but a silence that is harsh harsh.