Sociology

The theory of morality is well known as Utilitarian. This theory holds the fact that if an action produces pleasure and happiness, then it is termed as right and, if an action produces pain and unhappiness, then it is termed as wrong (Allison, 2001). Utilitarianism has recently played a major role in psychology .It involves analyzing about how people make decisions which increase happiness in their lives. Most psychologist concentrate with increasing happiness because people are more compelled in seeking for happiness rather than minimizing their pain. Before a person makes a decision, there are two motives involved. One of the motives is the approach of the action, which will result, to pleasure, while the other is the withdrawal of the action, which will result to pain. Pain can also be considered in the long-term perspective. Therefore, by engaging in actions that will produce happiness at the moment can also be withdrawn if they shall produce pain in the future.

The theory of morality is characterized by a dominance of critical research and thus offers much basis for critical examination (Aristotle, Ross  Brown, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the various philosophers views on moral ethics as well as offering a critical analysis concerning their theories.

Aristotle Virtue Theory
Aristotles philosophical role is unique in our world since the time people started writing philosophical articles. He highlights the relevance of practically living in an ethical way rather than the theoretical part of it. His major interest is creating awareness to the society about the virtues that can enable someone to have a happy life  (Aristotle, Ross  Brown, 2009). His writing is encountered with many challenges, which can sometimes be resolved by her virtue theory. Nevertheless, some of her theories are unsolvable and requires other philosophers to intervene.

The theory of Aristotle of fulfillment is bias on the context that intellectuals, mostly philosophers lives are more fulfilling than non-intellectuals are. This is highly criticized, as this is not the case with the non-intellectuals. Nevertheless, this can be resolved by Aristotle virtue theory when he states that whatever thing you endeavor to do with an aim of achieving the end result can result to happiness (Aristotle, Ross  Brown, 2009)

Therefore, even the unprofessional job such as a farmer who grows crops receive lifes satisfaction rather than engaging himself with philosophical work that tries to define the meaning of happiness, which can even cause adverse effect to the farmer by not being happy at all. Therefore, if the farmers crops grow and he gets the fruits of his labor, then this results to happiness in his life.

Aristotle points out that in order for a person to have happiness he must have a function to live for. He gives an example for tools such knives, which have a sole purpose of cutting (Aristotle, Ross  Brown, 2009). However, his theory seems not to solve this issue because human beings do not have to have functions in order to be happy. If they ought to have one, what then would be the function of a human being What criteria would be used to know the function of a human being and to know when one is deviating from the function of his or her existence

There are still objects with more than one function, which also seems to make his theory controversial. An example of this is a corkscrew, which has a bottle opener and screw for cocking the wine. Therefore every object does not have a unique function. He could have concluded that there are objects, which are multi purpose.

Aristotle continues to state that a person who has a good fortune enjoys a happy life by stating that people who lack wealth, power, or good looks are less happy and live a less prosperous living (Lyones, 1994). This is contradictory with what he states about the purpose, and it cannot be solved by his theory because he states that if someone has an objective that he has set for himself which can exclude power, good looks or friends, and meets to the point of his objective, then he is a happy person.

The theory of the mean the mean doctrine does not help us when he points out the virtuous direction that is most appropriate for someone to take. Therefore, his doctrine seems unsupportive when handling some situations. Still we can say that in some cases, we try to make our judgments by using the mean between two situations.

According to Aristotle, virtue is classified into two categories
Character

Intellect
Intellect virtue, which includes wisdom, can be further subdivided into theoretical and practical reasoning. While Character virtue includes courage and a persons temperance, which are as a result of one,s habit (Lyones, 1994). Wisdom is generally known to regulate virtue because as mature people, we are independent on our own thinking. When wisdom is combined with our habits, which are obtained from influence by environment, it leads to virtuous ethics. Thus our emotional response towards a certain situation changes with our reasoning skills.

Aristotle therefore distinguishes four kinds of people
Virtuous - These are the people who enjoy doing what is right and they do it without hesitation or without a dilemma (Lyones, 1994).

Continent have to overcome one or several conflicts before doing their virtuous acts.
Incontinent Face many dilemmas and challenges but are unable to overcome them in order to do the virtuous actions, and
Vicious do not see the benefit of doing virtuous acts.

Therefore, ethical morality can be defined as a mean between two vices, where one of the excess and other is of deficiency (Allison, 2001). It is choosing between character and nature. For something to be virtuous, it has to be influenced by the correct type of feeling at the right time and place and directed to the right and targeted person in the right manner. These feeling that influence the virtuous acts may include anger, pleasure, and pity among others.

Before someone is compelled to do a certain act, he normally undergoes a situation of having a feeling that lies midway of excessive amount and deficient amount of a feeling. Therefore, in order to have a virtue, one has to act and put it into practice because virtuous acts are practical and not theoretical (Aristotle, Ross,  Brown, 2009)

Kants Theory
Kant who is also a moral psychologist has moral theories that seem to face challenges of different views and opinions from other psychologist. One of these differences is the suicide theory. In this theory, Kant claims that we live in order to drive the improvement of life and actions are influenced by our good motives, that is, self love (Allison, 2001).  This creates room for objection since self-love is there to boost life. The suicide victim cannot describe his motive as self-love but as self-hatred. He does this because he predicts or is anticipating suffering. He conclude that if something is not appealing , then  destroying or killing it serves as an improvement, therefore justifying suicide. This may be objected because the function of self-love is promotion of ones happiness and prevent one suffering. Therefore, if a person destroys himself, he does not get a chance of promoting happiness. It is not solvable with his morals since someone who commits suicide his motive cannot be self-love but does so out of suffering or having an anticipation of it.

Allison (2001) still claims that death penalty violates the rule of human right to life thus contradicting himself. This gives room for his critics because destroyers of life such as diseases are evil. Thus the aim of life is evading anything that causes or destroys life.

Another challenge is that Categorical imperative which only informs us of the circumstances that we are supposed to act on, but does not tell us what we are supposed to act on while our main aim is on what action we should perform. It is therefore supposed to define the moral principle uniquely without leaving us with too many alternatives to do so, hence, leaving us disappointed.

The issue of keeping promise creates a room for a challenge because he states that the breaking a promise would be impossible because it will ruin this institution (Allison, 2001). This is an empirical hypothesis since promises will continue to exist even as much as people continue to break and disguise them. It is only the wishing part of not breaking will arise in order to curb the situation.
There is also a challenge when Kant implies that all human beings seek for their faculties to be developed when he stated that talents are given to human for his purpose (Allison, 2001). This cannot be true since some people are not self-motivated and have to be pushed in order to recognize their talents.

In the case of helping others, Kant claims that if a person is willing to help, then he is willing to receive some help in return. If he withholds his aid to others, then it would be unethical to ask for aid from others also. He concludes by stating that the people that do not give help neither ask for help because it is an immoral act (Allison 2001). However, this contradicts with the human nature since it is not possible to refuse help because you do not give help to others. Nevertheless, everyone would certainly in one way or another want to receive help. Therefore, the law can work selectively without applying to the whole package.

Categorical imperative
Morality depends on the rationality of goodwill. Reason works by being given a will, and this is known as imperative. If an action is good and necessary in itself, it is represented by categorical comparative. Its basic characteristic is that it is being universally applicable and all rational being are answerable to it in regardless of your group (Aristotle, Ross  Brown, 2009).

One cannot put a moral law if it does not qualify as a universal law and is applicable to all rational beings. Therefore, there is no exemption for any person. When one comes out with a moral law and wants it to be comparative, it must be universally acceptable. The law should treat humanity as an end to the mean not a means to the end (Aristotle, Ross  Brown, 2009). For example, life insurance does not aim at meeting the end since it serves to the extend of compensation after one dies and treating a person as a means of obtaining money rather than the mean being the person himself (Allison, 2001). Therefore, it cannot be a universal law. We should give ourselves laws, and the will, which is subject to the law, should decide for itself what universal law to put in place.

Mills theory of morality
Mill is a psychologist who is found to have criticized the utilitarian discipline of the Christianity. He has criticized the spirit the moral ethics of doing unto other what you would like them to do unto you as well as loving your neighbors as you love yourself. He urges that he can brings happiness to quite a number of people and does not want to put his happiness above anothers since doing so may lead to a dilemma. By living in a neighborhood of 83 of them being drug abusers, he could make them happy by supplying them with cheap drugs but feels uncomfortable doing that (Lyones 1994)

According to him, his Godless interpretation of doing unto others what you would like them  to do unto you can include lying, stealing and even killing  which can lead to happiness of a great number of people. He asks whether this is a responsible action since godliness forbids such acts of theft, lies, or murder, therefore stating that the Godliness offers a contradiction (Lyones, 1994).

He continues to ask whether God makes rules to see if we are able to obey them, or whether he makes rules that result to happiness, or whether he wants us to look at these rules for solutions in his laws. Mills claims that what God rules should be ethical if they fulfill or meet the ends in a supreme degree that would bring happiness.

Mills concludes that improvement should be sort after and if we cannot know or see the consequences of our actions, we have an obligation of following the rules that have been established some time ago (Lyones, 1994). Each rule should be underlined according to the effects of happiness that it produces and the rules so far that have come down are the rules of philosophers as well as the rules for morality

However, there are objections to Mills theory and one of them being that, it is impossible to use Mills theory since one is forced to make predictions of the consequences of the action .Since we are not able to make this predictions , we can therefore not able to use the Mills theory and thus making it incorrect (Lyones, 1994). Mills responds by claiming that the purpose of a theory is to explain the reason why actions are permissible, which Mills theory does. If people are not able to carry out a prediction, it does not mean that the theory is false.

The other criticism is that Mills theory ignores many morals that a moral theory would not leave out and considers only the consequences of the actions. In his response he claims that morals are put into consideration indirectly in relation to the consequences of the actions.
Mills theory allows for injustice by saying that some unjust practices are tolerable. He respond using his theory that his obligation is work in a defensive manner claiming that it is worth to engage in an unjust act that would benefit,  rather than justice system that would results to poor achievements such of death due to hunger.

The moral heroism required for Mills theory claims that we should perform actions that have consequences for everyone and stop giving ourselves preferences in criticizing the Christians who say that this is not a moral requirement from them and the reasons why people give to their closest person is because they know and understand their needs well. However, Mills response to this is that the non-profitable organizations such as the Red cross and the World vision. They provide us with information about the needs of various people, which can include even their contacts, various ways of helping them such as writing a check to the agencies and refutes their claim that is if someone engages himself with helping the strangers he might put his life on jeopardy. This could be due to the fact that he will not be in a position of help his family, by claiming that people can offer to help their family partly as well as help the strangers partly.

 Mills holds a theory that refuses to prohibit any action because the moment you prohibit any action in one circumstance or another you might want to use that action in order to yield the best results. Mills theory responds to this by claiming that wrong is described as an action having terrible results, and if any action produces good results then it should be permissible.

Mills theory looks at the utilitarian part by evaluating a number of outcomes in different situations. These circumstances can include whether to be a vegetarian, whether to be taking liquor or not, and or how many to take, whether to complete working on an assignment or not, whether to spend the holiday in a home country or in a foreign country, among other evaluations (Lyones, 1994).

Thereafter, his theory suggests that, we should list the advantages as well as the disadvantages of every action in order to come up with an analysis of the moral duty of every situation.

Mills argument is a quality measurement of happiness rather than the quantity with an underlining statement that the quality can be measured with the latter. In expounding his point he states that human being dissatisfaction exceeds a pigs satisfaction. Or rather Socrates dissatisfaction exceeds a fools satisfaction. He claims that a fool or a pig cannot argue over this because they know it is a fact. Therefore, he looks what it means or who you are by the end of the day.

Unlike Kants moral theory, Mills theory focuses on the end rather than the means. He claims that pleasure can be differentiated by its quality and that pleasure is not always good but can also be bad besides it quantity. Furthermore, he claims that even though people have the knowledge of the negative effects later of the high quality pressure, they would prefer it to lower quality.

Kant fails to agree with his perception of moral theory by claiming that consequences are unpredictable in some circumstances and therefore should not be used in the judgment of a moral theory (Lyones, 1994). However, Mill sticks to his theory claiming that he is able to evaluate act as well as agent. He claims that if a motive is properly evaluated, then the agent can also be evaluated as well. He claims that a person can have good motives and perform an immoral action.

This provides the evidence that the end justifies the means and therefore, he uses experience or a scientific analysis of the consequences of certain actions. If an action will result to a justifiable means, then it does not matter what injustice you do in order to achieve the good. He describes this even in terms of pressure by stating that men would engage themselves in sensual acts, which could result to ill health. Therefore, concluding that the pleasure of this act resulting to the harm of health in future is not justifiable. His evaluation of morals depends on the production of pressure or pain produced in the later hours or days. He therefore concludes that our moral duty is performing the action that produces the best consequences among the alternatives and we have an obligation of increasing pressure and reducing sufferings (Allison, 2001).

Introduction
Christianity and Judaism are two religions that portray differences in many fundamental ways in spite that fact that they share historical roots. Judaism puts more stress on the actions and concentrates on the basic question of how deal with the eternal covenant that the Israelites made with God while on the other side Christianity is focused on the correct believe. Some Christian denominations are actually known to go so far to claim that the human being actions are irrelevant.  According to Rowland, Tuckett  Morgan (2006), Christianity is known to provide its believers with only what it believes to be important for salvation as indicated by the apostles of Christ in the book of Acts that is found in the Christian bible. Judaism provides the Jews with the details of the Gods covenant with Israelites and guides Jews on how to walk in gods ways, how to live a holy life on earth and how to bring peace, love and holiness into the world as well as every part of life so that it may be exulted to the level of sanctity.

The ritual of prayer and the nature of evil among Christianity and Judaism
Christianity and Judaism have however certain similar characteristics whose concepts are varied between the two religions. Christianity and Judaism are both closer and farther apart more than any two other religions. Both the Jews and the Christians know Christ on one side while on the other side they strongly differ on who he is. The major general difference between Judaism and Christianity is grounded on their different perceptions about Jesus. The Christians believe that they need a mediator between them and god, who is Jesus Christ while the Jews believe in a direct approach to God (Schwartz  Poorthuis, 2004, p.3). In prayer both Judaism and Christianity pray to God though the Christians pray through saints and Jesus Christ who was also a Jew while the Jews pray directly to God. From the start Christianity has shown a lot of respect for the saints while in Judaism the opposite seems to have taken place. The veneration of the prophets and saints among the Jews has waned since they dont believe in the significance of these people in their prayers to God. The Jews only care about maintaining respecting the covenant that God made with their ancestors. The veneration and divination of the ancient prophets was originally began by the Jews and later adopted by Christians resulting in waning respect for this practice among the Jews.

Christianity is categorized by its claim to universality which creates much difference from the current Judaism. The Christians consider that Jesus is the fulfilment of Gods promise to the nation of Israel and Abraham and that the nation of Israel will be a blessing to all people. Judaism main belief is that god is the creator of the universe and that he endorsed human beings with the ability to willingly choose between good and evil. Since God is the creator of everything including all people an earth, it follows therefore that people of all religions are Gods children. According to Judaism teaching, one does not have to convert to Judaism in order to attain salvation (Rowland, Tuckett  Morgan, 2006). Being ethical and following the law of the Jews, is the only requirement in attaining salvation. They also believe that the Jewish law provides the best guide for an ethical living.

According to Segal (1986), the Jewish religion has abundance of family and tradition beliefs. They believe that life is sacred and that there is no heaven and hell. Just like Christians the Jews recognize sin and its negative impact between their relationships with the creator. However the Jewish believe that sinning only increases the distance between you and your creator. Those with fewer sins are closer to God and those with more sins are further from God.  Judaism is basically a faith of a people in people and therefore does not actually qualify to be a religion but its mainly viewed as a group of people who go behind similar laws, traditions and beliefs. The childrens of Israel relationship with God, and other aspects of their traditions and rituals, is explained in the subject of Tanakh.

Christianity is a faith in faith while Judaism is categorized as a culture or a civilization. Christianity shows a purely theological aspect which is one of the major, and actually the most important difference with Judaism (Segal, 1986). Unlike in Judaism, in Christianity there is no concept of national identity and more so Christianity does not permeate the daily life in the way Judaism does. Just like Christian churches the Jews have their synagogues which they both use as prayer houses. In both religions, these are holy houses of God, where people can pray and worship their creator. Both the synagogue and the church act as the centres for religious life in the two religions.

However there are a few differences between the two houses or prayer. In the Christian churches, often there are representations of Jesus on the cross as well as representations of other mystical figures of the church. In the Jewish synagogues such representations are considered as idolatry and therefore not allowed in their worship houses. The rites and ritual practiced by Christians are also against the sensibilities of the Jews. For instance the presentation of the holy Eucharist in the Christian churches as the body and blood of Jesus, conflicts directly with the dietary laws of the Jews. Just like Christians, the Jews have their church leaders (Schwartz  Poorthuis, 2004, p.5). However, the significance attached to the church leaders in Christianity (like the pope) and the hierarchy used (particularly in the Roman Catholic), are very contrary to the Jewish traditions and culture.

Both in Judaism and Christianity the fact of the existence of God is accepted without question and no proof is needed. Generally both considers the Gods existence as important and necessary for the existence of universe while the existence of universe is enough proof that God exists. Judaism believes that every thing was created by God only and no one else. They therefore believe that even the evil was created by God unlike the Christians who believe that the evil was created by Satan.

Conclusion
Although Christianity and Judaism have the same origin, tremendous variations have taken place between them, which has brought significance differences between them (Segal, 1986, p.2). The two religions however share similarities on certain aspects. On the other hand Judaism and Christianity have widely differing aspects of their respective relationship with each other. According to Jews, being converted into their religion is taken as a form of adoption, i.e. becoming a child of Abraham while converting to Christianity is taken as declaration of faith (Rowland, Tuckett   Morgan, 2006).

Most Jews know Jesus and regard him a normal person just the way Christians would look at Mohammed of Islam. They hold no religious significance for him unlike in Christianity where Jesus is regarded as the way to reach God. In rituals Jews believe that god does not need any human sacrifice and that no human being should die for the sake of others sins. They do not believe in the Christian concept of a punishing place (hell) or a rewarding place (Heaven) after death. Although Judaism and Christianity may agree on several factors they again show differences in the practices and concepts explained in these factors.

The debate on gay and lesbian rights is the most contentious social issue in the American nation. Opponents of same-sex marriage see it unethical and thus a negation of our morals in the community. However, proponents have it that marriage should be based on freedom of choice rather than gender. Although the federal constitution, under its Defense of Marriage Act, does not recognized equal rights for gay and lesbian couples, some states such as New Hampshire, Iowa, Massachusetts, Vermont and Connecticut dictate full marriage benefits for same-sex couples (Gill, 2004). All in all many states of America recognized and support civil unions on gay and lesbian marriage.

We are living in a world full of choices, full of diversity of everything (race, gender, age, sex, interest, belief, and even point of view in this world). If really the world is full of diversity why cant gay and lesbian couples do whatever they want to do with their life In the authors perspective, gay and lesbians couples should constitutionally have equal rights of marriage as straight couples. This essay is a discussion in support of constitutional recognition of equal civil rights for gay and lesbian couples. Examples of American states which legally recognized gay and lesbian rights are also given.

The constitutional recognition of full human rights for gay and lesbian couples should be a fundamental human right due to the following reasons first, denying gay and lesbian couples rights can only be equated to minority discrimination in the society (Mohr, 2005). Though the founding of the American nation is based on majority rules as an expression of democracy, the rights of the minorities must be respected and protected by the constitution. This is why we have various constitutional amendments on bill of rights. Based on this reasoning, prohibiting gay and lesbian marriage right can never be more than denying marriage to a section of American citizens (Stone, 2003).

Marriage as an institution is bond by the quest for love and companionship. The main reason why people marry is not to gain access to constitutional benefits but it is rather the ultimate expression of love and commitment to each other (Williams  Retter, 2003). Therefore, it should not matter the gender of the parties involved in the marriage commitment. There is absolutely no moral reason to compromise the expression of love and choice for individuals based on norms and cultural dictates.
According to available scientific research evidence, same sex orientation is said to have a biological causation (Stone, 2003). This has been closely attributed to hormonal body makeup in the individuals. For example, it is common for gays to have feminine body characteristics such soft voices while lesbians have more masculine body features. This means that gay and lesbian practices are more inborn than taught in the society (Stone, 2003). Therefore, failing to recognize gay and lesbian rights is failing to respect it as a natural behavior which is many times beyond the control of the victim.

Many opponents of gay and lesbian rights claim that it violates religious beliefs and expectations. The constitution of America clearly separates religion from state. Still, in its first amendment, religious views by an individual must be protected (Belge, 2010). This means that Americans are entailed to freedom of choice based on their religious views. In other words, there should be constitutional distinction between civil and religious marriage. It is thus a violation of the freedom of region for the government to make rules based on a single religious orientation.

The government has no business in dictating on the mutual issues of its citizens (Belge, 2010). It is quite unconstitutional for any member of the American community to propagate discrimination against gay and lesbians in the society. The debate on gay and lesbian marriages and equal rights is not a question of status but serves to define the future of the American civil rights law (Williams  Retter, 2003). The government should thus live to respect its constitutional provision for equality to all rather than personalizing the debate on gay and lesbian rights.

Religious reasoning against equal gay and lesbian rights is that gays and lesbians are out to have special rights than other members of the society (Mohr, 2005). Such a debate, though powerful and quite convincing, is untrue. Religion in the American society has always sort recognition and respect in defining key moral and social issues. It is based on this reasoning that religious believer should indeed be termed to as seekers of special rights in the society. The right to marriage on basis of love and commitment must be a fundamental human right. Of what importance does religion serve if it breeds discrimination in the society Such acts are unjust as they compromise the democratic space of the American people.

Many opponents of gay and lesbian rights claim that it will water down the definition of marriage (Belge, 2010). Marriage here is seen as a tool for procreation which ensures continuity of the human species. However, there are so many heterosexual marriages without children. Still, what is the big deal in allowing for gay and lesbians to adopt children Also clear is the fact that with the modern technological advancements in the society, gay and lesbian couples are able to get kids through artificial insemination. Therefore, same-sex marriage should never be dismissed based on the potential failure in bring up reliable youths in the society (Belge, 2010).

Still on the question of gay marriages and children is the problem of having children. Many opponents of gay and lesbian marriages claim that children are best off brought up by straight couples (Stone, 2003). However, available statistics negate this reasoning given the eminent family conflicts, divorce rates and infidelity evident in opposite-sex families. Therefore the claim against gay and lesbian rights should not be based on quest to save sacred institution of marriage. Just to be noted here is the fact that children build their character by copying the character traits of other members of the society. Therefore, whether gay or straight families the ability to positively influence character and behavior of a child lies on individual parent.

Legalizing gay and lesbian marriages will not affect any one in the society. Marriage is best by choice rather than societal influence (Williams  Retter, 2003). Indeed, the high rates of divorce witnessed in the American community can be attributed to upholding social dictates in marriages. By allowing marriage based on love rather than gender, the society will witness enhancement of the family unit. This will also improve on the economic reliability of gay and lesbian members of the society. Of what logic should one be discriminated in the job market due to their sexual orientation This contradicts the legal provisions for equal opportunity to all in the society and it is therefore unconstitutional.

Recognizing gay and lesbian rights has the importance of encouraging strong family units in the community (Belge, 2010). It reduces high-risk sexual lifestyles among members of the society. This is because such will allow gays and lesbians to settle down thus reducing immoral sexual behaviors in the society. Still, the move will improve economic independence and development in the society. By common knowledge, couples are economically complimenting thus enhancing their stability and pride in the community. Gay and lesbian rights will also entail them the benefits of dignity and respect that come with marriage.

The recognition of gay and lesbian rights is current only in five states of America (Gill, 2004). According to the federal constitution, marriage is defined as involving a man and a woman. However, the law allows for voluntarily adoption at the state level. This is what makes gay and lesbian marriage legal in some states and illegal in others. There have been many Supreme Court decisions in many states terming restriction of marriage to opposite-sex as unconstitutional. Such claims have seen over eleven U.S. states amend their constitution to protect the institution of marriage.

States like New Hampshire, Iowa, Massachusetts, Vermont and Connecticut has legally recognized gay and lesbian equal rights either by supreme courts decision or by legislation (Gill, 2004). The California state Supreme Courts decision on same-sex marriage rights failed by a voter initiative in 2008.  Other more than 31 states have presented similar bills but none has been approved. Same-sex marriage is expected to be allowed in Washington later this year. However, civil unions with part or full marriage responsibilities and benefits are legally recognized in many US states (Mohr, 2005).

All in all, whether gay and lesbians rights should match those of straight couples remains a contentious issue in the society. However, we are living in a world full of diversity, an element which should be respected by all in the society. It makes not logic to practice discrimination in the society based on sexual orientation. Just like the banning of interracial marriages in America, the recognition of gay and lesbian rights will ultimately be realized. With the ever increasing flexibility of the youth on issues of race and sex, voting in support of same-sex rights recognition remains highly probable.

The opponents of equal gay and lesbian rights on religious grounds must realize that civil marriage is different from religious marriage and that the rule of the law is independent of religious orientations. The freedom of choice should be respected by all in the society as it is only by this that strong and reliable families can be realized.

The growth of information technology has changed the world to a single entity. It has simplified the movement of populace from one place to another and enabled interaction of people and traditions universally (Mead 1978, p.2).  The introduction of various traditions to a person makes one appreciate the existences of other cultures in the world. The development of information technology has facilitated this civilization. More so, internet is helping people to interact more closely and in an interactive way thus learning new traditions. However, there are opponents who want communities to be separated for conservation of cultural identities. These individuals fail to recognize the importance of people interacting and contributing their traditions to the global tradition (Brey 2006).
Populace culture is ever changing as people of different traditions intermingle leading to development of world culture. In olden days, cultural values used to be passed from generation to generation but nowadays, information technology has enabled the young ones to acquire new cultures and sometimes teach the older generation (Mead 1978). People with same goals can now canvass online and this has lead to formation of groups and generally communication has been simplified (Brey 2006).

Computer networking has revolutionized communication between individuals. It provides quick access to current information and other reports.  Individuals are able to canvass online and share joys, hardships and thoughts. It is also possible to know more about other nations and their past information (Tomlinson 2000). The current ways of transport make movement of people easier. Through this, migration has been simplified between countries and regions. Migration may be as a result of jobs in foreign countries, education, exposure and enjoyment among others (Mead 1978). The migrants can still communicate home and access news through modern communication technology. Through sharing of information, countries have been able to standardize prices of goods leading to fair trade to some extent. Internet has enabled people to have a common language for communication which in most cases is English, a standard language to most students and career specialists.

The mode of dressing has been affected by the rise of current communication technology. New technology has enabled people to see new dressing codes and try the same styles at the expense of their traditional ones. There has been general decline of morals in some communities. Pornographic material is readily available online and some people watch it against their cultural values. Members can learn how to commit crime using current communication technology. Communication between thugs is also simplified with use of this new technology. Some adverts and information have made some community members to change their foods in pursuit of new delicacies (Spellings 2005).
Internet is viewed by some quarters as means of spreading the western and American culture leading to cultural imperialism and ethical terror. The western countries have used their authority over other countries to spread their culture. The use of English speech is now widespread and corporations from these nations now showcase their culture in foreign countries.  The developed countries are able to impose their culture to other nations since the internet originated from Americans and it is highly developed and accessible in western economies. The United State and European countries earn great portions of revenue through internet ads (Lao-Araya 2003). However, it is believed that the issue of cultural imperialism is being checked by emergence of non-English sites and control by governments over which sites to be watched by national.

Conclusion
The use of technology has got many blessing in different aspects of the society. However, on the other hand, it has got it ill side. Many of those who have benefited with the increased technology are the developed countries more than the developing countries as they have used this advancement to impose their authority on the less developed nations.

Native Americans have been considered as hurdles to progress for a long time. In relation to this, reservations have been made smaller and they have been transferred to remote places that are detrimental to the whites. The government hoped that by creating Native Americans reservation they would reduce or completely abolish conflict over land boundaries with the white settlers. As much as the government did try in helping Native Americans get land, they have also contributed greatly to their down fall due to ignorance. Most of them the little land they got they ended up selling their allotments to the whites leaving them with about 25 of the reservation land. Controversy has greatly increased as far as reservation issue is concerned and whether or not Native Americans should continue enjoying reservation rights.

To gear this we must compare both the modern Native American and his past history and know literally where he is coming from. Despite the entire ordeal that has been inflicted upon the indigenous inhabitants of North America in the past hundred years, they have still survived and made a dynamic part of the American population though they are still going through challenges. Some of the challenges that indigenous Americans are going through today are loss of language, trouncing of tribal land, amalgamation of traditional beliefs and Christianity, identity loss, brain drain and cultural mixing.

Compassion and terror is the best phrase we can use as far as Native Americans are concerned. According to Nussbaum, he affirms that compassion begins from our environs and felt towards the things seen as crucial of which importance has various definitions to each one of us. If we focus our thoughts to the Native American tribes and the American army we get the real definition of terror. The American army used force indubitably used brutality and terror to vanquish the Native American tribes. American military was one that was a strange mixture of behaviors and emotions. There was a mixture of hatred and solidarity, sham and sincerity, violence and compassion in the fact that the same military performed diplomatic roles in negotiations and even provided the tribes with health care as well as acting as intermediaries between tribal leaders and local whites.

Slavery, death of husbands and sons in war, raping of wives and daughters, obliteration of the towers by fire are the sad memories of the Indians. They lost their identity among nations and their name changed to murderers and rapacious Greeks. Compassion logically played an imperative part in making the Greeks realize they were one with the Trojans. This is not unusual even in our current society where many still regard Muslims with a sense of malevolence. Compassion can only be build with the exception of impartial motives and realization of the real meaning of respect and dignity. Human sentiments are all over and people showing concern beyond their concern is conspicuous. Basing it on that Native Americans should not be deprived their rights as they are equally important and equality is a fundamental element. They have come from far to have another predicament. Their infliction can be related to the genocide that happened in Rwanda though when it comes to emotions one is viable to feel for what is closer to him. It is evident that compassion starts from where we are and what is closer to us .It basically involves trying to look at a situation from the victims view point to actually sympathize with him or her.

 According to Bradford, wilderness presents the greatest defy of human torment for Gods chosen people. The experience of Native Americans in relation to wilderness is almost related. They fought for what they believed in, and that is their land. They had this image of beautiful lands, a sanctuary for their cattle, and a place for great challenges as they leave a legacy for the generations to come. Native Americans went through a rough time in wilderness and they had no any other way they could call it as they were surrounded by wild people with no leniency.

When we come to think about the whole quandary, we realize how people are full of malevolence. The experience in the wilderness is not one to smile about, but the whites simply did not care.

According to Jeromes description of wilderness, he asserts that it is a place where we return deliberately but do not live habitually. The whites came in the wilderness and looked at the continent and said it was something different as it was wilderness but the Indian said that, that was home.

This can be used to mean two things. One is that the Indians were at home in the wilderness or they preferred the wilderness to the whites habitation that the whites failed to honor. Wilderness as it may be viewed as a place with no hope that is not always the case. The Native Americans transformed it into an attractive site for nations wealthiest citizens and a land of history where tourists could visit before they were forced to move to other reservations.

Native Americans have always maintained that tribes should retain their sovereignty and therefore be given the mandate to govern it with no outside influence. Since 1960, laws have been enacted to secure the rights of Native Americans and promote development among Indians. Controversy has emerged that the Native Americans do not pay tax but logic shows that since it is a sovereign government in itself then the government has no right to tax other governments. While tribes continue to believe that income from gaming benefits both Indians and non Indians this is not the perception for everybody. Some local and state government officials claim that the Native Americans gaming revenue ought to be taxed just like non-Indians casinos.  Critics maintain that the high prices charged in businesses that are not Indian related contribute to the downfall of the non  Indians.

Question whether or not they should retain their reservation is a controversial one as the law stands to be amended. Until that happens, Indian culture will remain threatened by the many storms they have to go through but just like everybody else who needs a reservation, they should not be denied their rights to them and similarly they should make life bearable for everyone concerned.

Recent growth in the population of older people has made many of them depended on assisted living facilities. It is estimated that nearly 27 million seniors will rely on long term care services by 2050 promoting a need to develop active aging programs in assisted living environments (Friedland, 2005). These long term facilities offer lifeline to individuals who have lost capacity to self care due to chronic illness or another disabling condition.

As coordinator of activities, it is important for managers that they try to dismiss typical stereotypes of aging. It is now a well known fact that Ageist stereotypes are pervasive in developed countries which are harmful to psychological well being, physical health and survival for older people (Ory, Hoffman, Hawkins, Sanner,  Mockenhaupt, 2003). To dismiss such stereotypes and promote concept of active ageing, mangers can introduce programs to help revitalize lives of elders living in assisted living housing. The importance of such programs is envisioned by the concept of noncommunicable diseases which may be the leading cause of death at an older age. According to a popular health theory, the successful elimination of most infectious diseases by 1970 has coincidently given rise to other potent killers like high blood pressure, unsafe cholesterol levels and lower vital capacity. The NCD, noncommunicable diseases, can only be tackled by bringing a positive change in lifestyle. These negative factors are attributed to compression of morbidity but active aging programs can actually extend lifespan to very near the end of life (Kalache, Aboderin,  Hoskins, 2002).

This article provides four senior friendly living options that can be used to produce positive health outcomes in senior care environment in general and assisted living facility, in particular. All of these programs have proved highly successful in varied settings and present a constructive model to managers on how they may create healthy living environments for elders. Each living option is accompanied by statistics, successful case studies and suggestions.

Fitness Classes
Managers often have to dispel concerns by seniors that exercising is not going to help in an old age. Contrary to popular belief, regular short cycles of physical activity helps lower the risk of disease prevalent in assisted living facilities. Some of the patients who can get substantial advantage from short bursts of fitness rounds include those affected by Alzheimers, dementia, heart disease, diabetes, colon cancer, high blood pressure, and obesity. Usually, these concerns are forwarded by seniors who are either frail or are unable to exercise. Since a majority of seniors in assisted living facility are of later type, managers should not implement a program without consulting medical practitioner. Each participant must have individual session with a medical trainer who is able to suggest particular exercises that would improve mobility and reduce frailty thus reducing risk of falling or broken bones. Moreover, moderate to high level exercise should always be supervised in a class setting. Chair exercises, water aerobics and swimming are good examples of fitness workout for seniors.
The success of these fitness classes is evident by positive outcomes of several programs across America, initiated by the support of American College of Sports Medicine (Graves, 2002, p. 5-9).

Project SSTRIVE is a leading example that is tailored towards older people between 60 to 95 years old. The average age of participant is 76 years and at any one time, 15 to 20 attendants are involved. Following a group warm up, participants complete a single set of 10-15 repetitions of 8 exercises. Resistance is increased when the group is able to perform 12 repetitions of exercise for 2 consecutive sessions. The outcome measure of this program is strength, physical and mental self efficacy.

Another similar program but targeting a different group of elders is based at North State College in Fullerton, California. This successful ageing program is generally geared to 50-100 years old with full functional abilities. Program components include group total body conditioning to Music, Yoga and Tai Chi. Similar musical exercise themes involve other versions including 3Ps Power, Polymeric and Pilates. The college also offers balance and mobility classes. Every training class is initiated by senior fitness tests developed by famous experts like Rikki and Jones including a 50 foot walk test for pre or post assessment.

Fit Forever is another success story which is sponsored by the Wellness Center at Broward General Medical Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. This program offers a full service exercise facility to individuals with a history of cardiac, pulmonary, and metabolic diseases. There are 100-200 members participating in this course. Classes meet on weekdays when individuals exercise from 30 to 90 minutes. Emphasis is on aerobics and strength training. Aerobics includes Spinning, Cardio Kickboxing, Lunch Crunch, Muscle Madness and Super Step classes.

There are more than 17 such programs that are actively sponsored by the Interest Group on Ageing. The aim of this listing is to provide evidence from a variety of different fitness programs that have promoted active ageing. Managers of assisted living communities can take their guidance from such sources in order to implement a successful exercise schedule that will keep elders physically and mentally, active.

Brain Teaser Programs
Latest scientific research shows that specific lifestyle changes can improve the level of functioning of our brains, considerably. Such a brain friendly living may include popular brain related regimen involving stress management, Yoga, balanced nutrition and mental simulation. In their book, the Sharp Brains Guide to Brain Fitness, 18 interviews with scientists, practical advice, and product reviews, scientist Elvaro Fernandez and Elkohonon Goldberg provide conclusive proof on how mental stimulation helps elders live longer, offering evidence from 100 peer review journals.

A brain friendly lifestyle will involve a balanced nutrition because what is good for body is good for brain. Stress management techniques such as Yoga and meditation can also play important role in combating memory loss and heart diseases. Mental simulation from board games or related activities can help build a neuroprotective cognitive reserve which helps delay the onset of Alzheimers.

In order to better understand the impact of brain teaser and computer cognitive programs, it is helpful to indicate that nearly 150,000 US Army soldiers have undergone this type of training to reduce war effects. These programs are just not restricted to soldiers but research also suggests that nearly 8000 people have got help to improve their driving safety records. It is now estimated that nearly 700 independent and assisted living facilities in United Sates are offering some kind of computer cognitive training (Fernandez, 2009).

As a manager of assisted living facility, one should not ignore the impact of these programs. Due to their widespread popularity, it should not be difficult to get a government sponsor to set up computer aided cognitive training. Furthermore, brain teaser does not necessarily mean that managers have to rely on acquiring expansive equipment. With little deliberation on part of the management, numerous board games provide enough exercise to keep elders mentally active. Furthermore, such exercises also act to maintain social network for seniors who are reluctant to join active ageing programs because of physical limitations.

Visiting Volunteer Program
According to the United States labor statistics, the volunteer rate in America is continuisily on the rise increasing to 26.8 percent comprising approximately 63.4 million. This is good news for managers as visiting volunteer program is an integral part of most senior communities. It is also one of the most favored and highly successful programs in assisted living communities. Many local organizations are willing to provide volunteers who not only offer assistance but may become life long friends. Visiting volunteer programs are specially designed for lonely elderly with few relatives or those in need of more social contacts. These volunteers are often pre trained and then matched with a senior according to their needs. Managers should make sure that they pre-screen such programs because a reputable organization always checks criminal backgrounds and other relevant aspects of candidates.

The Leave a Legacy Program of Alterra Wynwood in Leominster, Massachusetts is an excellent example. It constitutes multi faceted reminiscence and writing program where a group of volunteers read aloud form their journals, read and reminisce. Members of assisted living facility recall memories while volunteers help them write and organize so that it can be saved for future generation as well as generate candid atmosphere where everyone could share the most exciting moments of their lives. Additional benefits from these reading and wiring sessions include the reduction of anxiety and the capability to boost immune system (Kelley  Mosher Ashley 2002).

For a volunteer program to be successful, it must be a partnership between paid and unpaid staff. Paid staff should understand that volunteers are helping them to reach their goals therefore it is the duty of managers to involve staff in articulating the mission, purpose and visions of the volunteer program. The most important step in establishing a joint venture between staff and volunteers is to analyze if there is a need for such a volunteerism. A staff that does not understand the volunteer dynamics or a volunteer who is reluctant to perform duties can hamper a relationship which is built on trust. Sometimes, the volunteer program is initiated in reverse when volunteer organization or volunteer reaches out to assisted living communities with special skills, knowledge or agenda. Such a situation also allows managers to consult workforce or carry out a survey of their facility to evaluate if such a relationship would benefits the facility.

Remodeling of Living Space
Most managers of assisted living facilities often ignore one of the most fundamental aspects of their environment, which is to remodel a portion of living space to better suit the lifestyle requirements of elders. According to AARP, disability means that people require assistance because of difficulty with personal care activities known as activities of daily living, ADL. ADL includes bathing, dressing, getting gout of bed using toilets and related chores. A research by AARP found that nearly 40 percent of seniors require assistance with two or more ADL. Such is the impact of these ADL that AARP further suggest that 69 percent of older adults would prefer to move to a place that provides caring services rather than living with their families (Marsden, 2005, p. 9-10). Adding to this dilemma are figures by OSHA dictating that nearly one third of the population over 65 experiences a risk of fatal fall, every year accounting for nearly 40 of admissions to hospitals. Among these accidents 70 are bathroom accidents.

Amid constraints on budgets and significant portion of bathroom accidents, remodeling bathrooms should be the top priority of mangers. Remodeling should not be costly endeavor. Some tips such as using battery powered tub lifts to raise and lower the bather in deep tubs is just one alternative. Installation of hand showers would also make it easier for adults to keep safe. To deal with privacy issues, a glass block window may provide suitable solution to maintain natural light. There should be places to grasp in front of cabinets and toilet seats making it easier for adults to maneuver. In cases such as dizziness, towel bars can prevent seniors from falling therefore every bathroom should have at least two towel bars. These are just some of the practical tips which mangers of assisted living facilities can use to prevent foreseeable accidents.

The above guidelines can also help managers to develop a more coherent strategy. Of course, there are other such programs that can be executed to provide a more thriving experience to elder communities. In this regard, a survey would help indicate those experiences.

International politics over the course of history has been witnessing distinct phenomenas revolving around the major dimension of state interaction and pursuance of national interests using power as the most influential tool to subdue others. The realist notions have been dominating the arena of international politics while the rich states have been in the constant struggle for finding markets in the world for enhancing their trade and economies (Bush 2006). Total subjugation of states, societies and communities was done for the purpose of exercise of power, maintain dominance in the world order and foster economies. Furthermore, civilizational domination was also embarked upon the subdued nations their wealth was transported to the native landing the form of raw materials, human resource, jewels and minerals.

The instruments of national policy of most of the European powers in past have been the notions of imperialism and colonialism (Bush 2006). The term imperialism is very vast in meanings and manifestations. The Webster dictionary defines it as the aggregate of various economic, political and social policies by which an imperial power maintains or extends its control over other areas or people. It is a frame of work which aims at creating, organizing and maintaining an empire. It has been primarily a western concept that employs expansionist, mercantilist and communist systems over the dominated nations and societies in the name of civilizing and developing them (Pitts 2005). The control of one state over other territories is being exercised through the instruments of politics or military that is the direct form of imperialism or the sword of economy is used by establishing unequal trade relations with the other territory that is the indirect form imperialism (Bush 2006). Moreover the traditional ways of life and ways of thinking are also subordinated to the culture of the imperialists.

The connotation of imperialism refers to a political or geographical entity on the world stage such as the Portuguese Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Spanish Empire, the Dutch Empire, the Roman Empire, the British Empire, the Persian Empire and the American Empire (Pitts 2005). Similarly the notions of imperialism refer to the paradigms of knowledge, beliefs and values, for instance the empire of Christianity or Islam.

Generally the phenomenon of imperialism has existed for thousand years in the history of China, Persia, Rome, India and Greece, while the phrase Age of Imperialism particularly refers to the imperialism of Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States (Bush 2006).

The motives behind imperialistic approach are multifaceted. Economic gains have been the major driving force behind pursuing such policies. There is an inherent psychological urge in nations for supremacy and dominancy. For instance the Englishmen have always felt proud of the fact that the sun never sets on the British Empire. The racist ideology of Hitler is world famous the expansionist adventure was highly motivated by the superior notions of German culture and traditions and the Marshal image of that race.

The leaders of these imperialist powers had also a belief that the greater good their civilisation and culture must be imparted to other people in the world who are either backward or they are lesser breeds. The Whiteman took this responsibility to uplift the yellow man of Asia and the Blackman of Africa (Bickers, Henriot 2000). Bernard Shah says that Every English man is born with a certain miraculous power that makes him the master of the world (Said 1979), Rudyard Kipling writes that the responsibility of governing India has been placed by the inscrutable decree of Providence upon the shoulders of the British race (Bickers, Henriot 2000).

The imperialism is also used to enhance the defence line by creating buffer states for the protection of empire. Moreover troops and war materials are also obtained from the subdued nations. For instance Britain was supplied with 400000 Indian troops during WWI (Bickers, Henriot 2000).  

According to Lenin the notions of imperialism were termed as the highest stage of capitalism in the world. This was preached as an explanation for First World War. It was argued that imperialism is the outcome of the monopoly phase of capitalism, in which the capitalist nations had no option other than to engage in war for raw materials and market. The dependency school of thought and Marxist view of imperialism focuses on the economic relations between the countries, this view is in the contrast with the traditional concept of imperialism which seeks direct control and authority over other territories.

The form of economic imperialism is said to be the start of capitalism as the European traders had the technology to move about high seas and calculate the trade benefit with regard to a particular country thus channelising them to Europe. This phenomenon led to the concentration of production and capital resulting in the emergence of national and multinational monopolies. The impact over society was enormous, racism, rebellion, ethnic strife, freedom movements took over the subjugated classes to a new struggle of survival.
 
Irony of the faith has been the notions of justification of imperialism by various thinkers. To the worst extent the defense is carried out on scientific grounds. Hobson maintains that it is desirable that the earth should be peopled, governed and developed as far as possible by the by the races which can do this work best, those are the races of highest social efficiency. Most often the cases of imperialism in the history have resulted in the displacement of natives from their mother lands thus depriving them from their basic right of freedom to live on their mother land. In the latter 17nth century the British Columbia was divided into two regions, for natives and for the foreigners, mostly natives were forcibly dragged out of their area. The justification for the imperialist evacuation was that the said land wasnt properly and efficiently used by the local population so that was to be taken over by the occupiers who thought themselves to be racially superior- the white mans burden.

The expansion of a society to the extent that it incorporates adjacent or far away territories, settle own people on the conquered land making it a colony the phenomenon is known as colonialism. It is the making and maintaining of colonies in one distinct territory by people of another territory, where its sovereignty is exercised by the colonizer in addition to the control of government machinery, social structure and economy. The term colonialism is often used synonymously with imperialism. In broad sense the difference is not clear but the structural distinction do exists. The interest is in the imperialist tendency is to maintain an empire, while a colony could be a smaller entity as well. Both colonialism and imperialism were forms of conquest that were expected to benefit Europe economically and strategically. The term colonialism has been used generally to describe the settlements such as, Australia, North America, New Zealand, Algeria, and Brazil that were controlled by a large population of permanent European residents. On the other hand the terminology of imperialism often describes examples in which a foreign government tackles a territory without considerable settlement typical examples include the scramble for Africa in the late nineteenth century and the American domination of the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The distinction between the two, however, is not entirely consistent in the literature. Some scholars distinguish between colonies for settlement and colonies for economic exploitation. Others use the term colonialism to describe dependencies that are directly governed by a foreign nation and contrast this with imperialism, which involves indirect forms of domination.

The phenomenon of colonisation can be traced back to ancient Greece where the city states used to colonize each other, the Romans and the ottomans. Previously it was not restricted to time and place but with the passage of time the face of colonialism changed, the reason was societal and technological development particularly in 16nth century. Generally the term is referred to the time between 15nth and 16nth century when specifically Europe was colonizing the world for its greater profits, power expansion and cultural hegemony.

A history long debate has been going on between the thinkers of different nations such as German, French and Britishers over the issue of legitimacy of colonialism in eighteenth and nineteenth century. Thinkers such as Kant, Smith and Diderot have always been very critical of the barbaric face of this phenomenon and challenged the idea that Europeans were supposed to civilize the rest of the world because they just thought that they were more civilized, efficient, chosen ones and superior.

The system of colonial domination, which involved some combination of slavery, quasi-feudal forced labour, or expropriation of property, is antithetical to the basic Enlightenment principle that each individual is capable of reason and self-government (Muthu 2003). Thus rise of anti-colonial political theory, however, required more than a universalistic ethic that recognized the shared humanity of all people. The conquest of Spain of America started a theological, political, and ethical debate about the legitimacy of using military force in order to acquire control over foreign lands (Tocqueville 2001).

This debate took place within the framework of a religious discourse that legitimized military conquest as a way to facilitate the conversion and salvation of indigenous peoples. Initially it was the wars in the name of religion that provided rationalisation of the possessions and conquests (Tocqueville 2001). Apart from the religious dimensions the main reasons have been economic drives for the pursuit of trade avenues and prestige in the global world order.

The notions of cultural imperialism are evident with the fact the English language is the primary language of over 300 million people and the secondary language of over 400 million people helped in part by the cultural influence of the United States, itself a product of the British Empire. British colonial architecture, such as in churches, railway stations and government buildings, continues to stand in many cities that were once part of the British Empire. Ball games that were developed in Victorian Britainfootball, cricket, rugby, lawn tennis and golf were exported, as were the British choice of system of measurement.

The abundance of resources and raw materials led Europeans to desire the ownership of natives including their land and possession (Harvey 2006). However, they did not covet the same things in the same way. English colonists who came from a region where land is of major concern began colonizing only to own the natives land. They conquered properties categorically depriving the native of their land ownership (Harvey 2006).

In contrast to Britain the Spanish and the Portuguese did not hold much importance to the land. The main objective of colonisation was the control of people and their labour (Harvey 2006). They conquered people while allowing the natives to remain in their lands in exchange for humiliation. The distinction between the English and Spanish colonies is often rooted with the demographic and historical encounters. This argument states that English colonists found hunter-gatherers in North America whereas the Spaniards found large civilisations like the Aztecs and the Incas (Harvey 2006).
           
Giving money in exchange for the land was considered a desirable way of obtaining the possession of the Indians. It was considered a form of charity since they are not obligated to do so. However, Indians are left without the right to refuse purchase of the land and seek contracts favourable to them. Colonists view money as a form of generosity to acquire the land but the Indians are not free to contacts. On the other hand, the French did not bought lands from the Indians but asked their permission to live with them. Along with the Dutch, they exchanged gifts and other goods with the Indians.

These colonialist applied tax system in those colonized regions. The payment was often a great burden to the natives. Also, the American natives suffer humiliating behaviours of the Spaniards. Spanish settlers also used the labour of the Indians. These Indians were entrusted to the settlers to become converted and educated.

The largest ethnic minority in Britain are the people from African and Caribbean descent. Generally the image about them is that they are only specialized in doing low cadre jobs. This connotation holds the psychology of imperialism and colonialism as they were brought by force to Britain as a credible work force to be utilized as labour in both domestic spheres of society and industries. The history of racism against these African people is age old, they are always considered as inferior race brought for labour, these racist tendency often lead to criminal behaviour among different factions o societies, moreover they are subjected to institutional exploitation and victimisation as well.

The second largest ethnic community comes from the subcontinent comprising of Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. India had been a famous colony of Britain in 18nth century and was divided when it left that territory. The minorities still feel the same way thought they enjoy better status that of Africans but still they generally live in their isolated communities. The image of Islam accompanied by the colonial legacy has always come to play when it comes to social structure in the multiethnic modern society of Britain. The fundamentalist element has also been observed in these communities as a reaction to the local cultural patterns practiced by the natives. For instance the term Paki is used to identify people belonging to Pakistan, this identity holds colonial and racial meanings directed towards a community who not only getting benefitted from the British society but at are also contributing to the society in one way or the other.

The questions of miscegenation the alleged ties between colonial enterprises, genocides and the questions of the nature of imperialism, dependency theory and neo-colonialism (in particular the Third World debt) continues to attract wide discussion and debate. Attitudes developed during the colonial period continue to impact the lives of many people in the world today, informing how people in the rich north view those in the poorer South as well as minorities within the South of migrant origin.

On the other hand, such colonial projects as those of the Spanish, French, and British spread language, and shared ideals, around much of the globe. Despite all the negative experiences of colonialism, communication and transportation infrastructures built during colonial times have brought more and more people into contact with each other. More and more people understand themselves as citizens of the world and realize that such challenges as the ecological crises, eradicating poverty, combating disease can only be met by global cooperation among the nations. Talk of universal human rights and the view that shared values permeate the cultures and faiths of the world, despite their diversity and variety and some differences too, would be inconceivable but for the colonial heritage and legacy.

The notions of imperialism and colonialism though have been benefitting the powerful nations they have left lasting impact on the colonized societies. The foremost impact has been the cultural domination at the expense of local traditions. The meanings of development were given by colonizers. The pace of evolution of societies and their development was disrupted and damaged badly by these interventions in the name of greater good and civilisation prophesy. This disruption has lead to the widening gap between the global North and the global South, thus creating a first world and third world. The core countries in the world have dominated the peripheries politically economically and militarily. The notions of imperialism and colonialism exists today in the form of complex interdependence- the trade regimes, the WTO, the MNCs restricting the global capital to the first world only leaving poverty, civil war, disease in third world (Africa). Cultural traffic, despite the racist attitudes of many colonizers towards the colonized, too, was never one way. Many people in the West see deep and profound value in aspects of Chinese, Indian, indigenous peoples (traditional) religion, in Sufi Islam. Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam have attracted many Western converts (Rees 2001). New Age and New Religious Movements and other phenomena often fuse ideas from East and West. The non-Western world has also absorbed much from the West, keeping what it wants, adapting and adjusting technologies and ideas to suit local requirements, or to conform to local values.

Colonialism can be seen as essential to the process of creating a global consciousness of an inter-dependent world community in which the welfare of all people and the health of the planet itself is the responsibility of all (Rees 2001). Humanity may be evolving to a stage when exploitation of others and promotion of self-interest over-and-against that of others will yield to a new way of being human in which humanity seeks to promote the well-being of the whole, and to restore its broken relationship with the one planet on which all people live, our common planetary home. On the one hand, talk of a clash of civilisations raises alarm bells but on the other this has been countered by the United Nations dialogue among civilisations, which includes exploration of the role that religions can play in promoting inter-civilisation harmony (Rees 2001).