Sociology

Paul Watzlawick asserts that a self fulfilling prophecy is a guess about an outcome of a certain situation and the guess or prediction having been made causes the event to occur and, therefore proving the accuracy of the guess. He illustrates this in a number of ways beginning with the common thought of cause and effect thinking where an outcome is caused by another action.
This has been illustrated by asserting that the prediction comes true in some instances by the measures take to solve the prediction to happen whereby the solution causes the problem for instance the prediction of shortage in oil causes the perhaps the rise in oil prices as opposed to the actual shortage which should result in the rise in prices.

Watzlawick then refers to the reversal of the cause and effect (action and reaction) as seen in interpersonal relationships where the elements are as perceived subjectively from ones point of view as a reaction to the behavior of the other. This contradicts the assertion of cause and effect and inevitably leads to two different self fulfilling prophecies.

Watzlawick asserts that we are to blame for the realities produced by our hopes, dreams and thoughts since our mental creations which may not be based on reality but by our own prejudices, superstition and beliefs that are not mutually exclusive but affect not only people but also animals as seen by the results of the experiments carried out by Rosenthal which he documented in a book published in 1966. Our convictions, perceptions and beliefs materialize in reality and Rosenthal gives an illustration of people in a mental institution that by virtue of being there and being administered to medication aggravates the problem even if they are not necessarily mentally ill.

Psychiatric diagnoses as a part of self fulfilling prophesies is illustrated in phenomenon such as voodoo deaths and loss of will by inmates in a prison who eventually die. The reverse has been documented in hospitals where cancer patients who believed they have something to live for invariably deal better and survive longer than those who have lost their will to live.

In conclusion, Watzlawick demonstrates that individual assumptions, prejudices and attitudes lead to actual presentation of the predictions in real life and, therefore, validating the concept of self fulfilling prophecies.

Abstract
Certain feelings have been known to raise some uneasiness among caregivers when dealing with their patients. This is an area that has been overlooked by researchers and has therefore not been able to be addressed in graduate training programs in many parts of the world. This article explores to expose the existence of these feelings among therapists and what they say about them. This also reveals that even medical professionals are as vulnerable as their patients are when it comes to relating with the latter. The feelings that will be tackled include feelings of anger, hate, fear, racial discrimination, and being sexually attracted to patients.

Winnicott has elaborated that therapists have always had some feelings of anger and hatred towards some patients. He denies that such feelings dont exist and would eventually serve the needs of the therapist as opposed to the needs of the patient. Subsequent works have shown that anger and hatred feelings have always emerged between therapists and patients especially those related to certain issues as child sexual abuse, HIV and AIDS, ethnicity, among other issues. The therapists in most instances may live in denial of existence of such feelings and this may result to increased tensions and feelings of guilt. Some of these feelings can be understandable as some patients may even challenge the integrity of the most determined and responsible caregiver (Jacobs, 1995).

Therapists have always had their fears over patient attacks for many years. The vast literature available has mainly focused on the fear of assault by the patients but little has been done to document the real incidences and prevalence of the attacks by the patients. A number of researches that have been done have recorded varying percentages of actual assaults as reported by therapist in their samples. The figures have varied from between 20 to around 40. Literary resources available has not only emphasized on attacks by the patients but has also included the malpractice suits related with reporting child abuse, dealing with older patients, and helping those suffering from HIVAIDS. It has also covered the fear of the patients reaction to difficult and painful situations (Pope  Tabachnick, 2010).

Discrimination has also been a long-standing problem in almost if not in all kinds of workplace, not sparing the medical profession. Jonathan Metzl examined medical records of Ionia State Hospital for the Criminally Insane and learned that black men were often misdiagnosed with schizophrenia five times higher than any other group during the civil rights era of the 1960s and the 1970s. Metzl said that multicultural training is important but does little to address how assumptions about race are structurally embedded into health care delivery systems (ScienceDaily, 2010).

Until recently, there was no literature on the therapists sexual feelings towards their patients. However, some research done in recent times has revealed that there exist such feelings which leave many therapists feeling guilty, anxious, or confused. Searles gave his personal experiences where he had to confront his sexual, responses during a therapy session. He talks of his feelings of anxiety, guilt and embarrassment in reaction to sexual feelings towards his patients (Pope  Tabachnick, 2010).

The ideas that have been raised by the article as articulated by Pope and Tabachnick are of essence. Therapists are also humans and therefore prone to experience feelings as elaborated by the two researchers. Their analysis of the article brings to the forefront the question of how good can we engage our programs in training the caregivers on how best they can deal with the feelings at the work place. Graduate training related to the experienced feelings can be carried out in many different formats including formalized class lessons, seminars, conferences, field works, among other models. This article has actually given us food for thought as it has brought some insight to an area that has previously been neglected for long.

Conclusion
The article has raised issues that have been neglected and this should be addressed and verified by conducting further research into the areas of concern. Feelings of the therapists cannot be ignored considering that therapists are faced with the responsibility to take care of the patients and thus the issue of feelings should be comprehensively addressed. A study on the general feelings of the therapists and their consequences becomes important at this juncture to ensure proper service delivery to patients by the therapists.

Global inequality is the situation where countries are being ranked depending on their social economic status this explains the reason why there are third world countries and the developed countries. These are the differences that do exist between various countries which depicts some countries to be better than others. Global inequality should be put to an end by all means by having all the countries come together so that they can fight against common global problems which affect our standards of living especially in the developing countries. This includes poverty, corruption, poor health care systems, political problems, poor educational systems, natural disasters, global warming, and high rate of unemployment among others so that we can make our interactions more appropriate. These economic and environmental inequalities are mostly in the developing nations who are struggling so much to maintain themselves and to be able to freely interact with other countries freely.

The Social Construction of Gender
The society we live in has created the social construction of gender since it does not exist naturally as an independent entity but with people believing in its existence. Being born a man or a woman in any society is not just biological but also has some social aspects. These are cultural ethics and norms that govern us, the way we relate to one another, and to the world with clear indication of the dos and dont. Women as a type of gender form a social unit in their on way which begun as a natural fact, not anything related to feminine.

Religion
Religion is a term used to define ethics of life, beliefs and practices, rituals and faith in supernatural powers that is normally known to be in charge of the happenings in the universe, peoples lives and their wellbeing from the time of creation. Religion varies depending on the affiliation of the person and the region where one comes from. For example Christianity, Jainism, Hinduism, Islamic, Buddhism, Judaism and many others.

Political power
Political power is the term that describes the capacity of a person or group of people in charge to have the ability to make decisions and influence the policies in place to suit hishertheir interest(s).Its the ability to influence the way people behave with or without any objection. This power is mostly misused by the person(s) in authority just for a particular interest not that of the entire country or party. The person in authority is normally elected by the people to represent them on official matters of governance as per their wishes and the constitution.

Urbanization issues
Urbanization is the growth of a rural settlement to an urban area physically due to high population and industrialization which leads to congestion. There are benefits to the environment and a lot of problems as a result of this growth as far as economic and environmental aspects are concerned. These include poverty, unemployment, and poor infrastructural networks, lack of water and sewerage system, pollution and housing problems. This is as a result of high rate of people moving to urban areas than development of infrastructure and social amenities. When there is a well detailed plan for the cities, putting all the present and future demands in to consideration, then the environment will benefit by reducing pollution. It is estimated that half of the worlds population live in urban areas hence this raises concerns over the available resources and the administrative units.

The term terrorism refers to perpetration of violent acts against an individual, ethnic group, members of a religious group and governments by an organization that aims at intimidating the targets to give in to its demand .Terrorism has become a global security threat and many nations have devised counter terrorism strategies in response to the evolution of terrorism witnessed over the years. The evolution of terrorism over the years has changed the meaning of the term. Counterterrorism refers to the tactics, practices and strategies that various governments and law enforcement bodies adopt in order to combat terrorism (Andrew and Barbara, 2006). Currently terrorism has become a difficult term to define because it is characterized by physical violence and as a result, distinguishing terror acts from criminal activities is difficult.

Guerrilla warfare refers to the use of revolutionary forces to make change in governance. An example of guerrilla warfare was the Cuban revolution which was led by Ernesto Che Guevara. The revolution was motivated by the peoples protest against the leadership of Batista. In various countries, social and geographical conditions determine which forms a guerrilla warfare takes. In guerrilla warfare, one group that is involved in the conflict comprises of disciplined and well trained professional army which is supported by an oppressor. Guerilla warfare is therefore a war of the people or a war of the masses.

Discussion
Causes of Guerrilla Warfare  
Guerrilla warfare is often witnessed in a situation where the masses fight for social justice due to the discontent they feel against a countrys established law or government. Lack of peace creates a good environment for guerrilla warfare because the people are motivated by the desire to be redeemed and liberated. In the warfare, the oppressor or the beauracratic rule which supports a well disciplined and trained professional army fights a guerrilla band which derives its strength from the masses. The guerrilla band is often inferior in firepower as compared to the army but it uses a small number of arms to fight against oppression. Guerrilla fighters require support from the local people who they represent. Some of the characteristics of guerilla band include good knowledge of the ground, its homogenous, band members respect the leader and all members should have a good understanding of tactics that are employed in the warfare. Guerrilla fighters are social informers who act due to the angry protests of the people against oppression forces. The fighters do so in order to have the social system that drives the unarmed civilians to poverty and misery changed. In addition, they are fully committed to fighting the reigning institutions. In relation to tactics, a guerrilla fighter needs to have good knowledge of the surrounding areas, good hiding places and paths of entry and escape. The fighters usually undertake their activities in areas where the struggle aims at changing land ownership through social reforms. Therefore guerrilla fighters may become agrarian revolutionaries. The fighters often interpret the desires of the peasant mass to be land ownership to increase production. Guerrilla warfare is a struggle against a constituted power that oppresses the people. For example, Cuban thirty-year war of revolution had slaves, small farmers and peasants fight for the right to own land.

Tactics and Strategies used in Guerilla warfare
Guerrilla fighters tend to attack the enemy in a surprising manner. For example the hit and run tactic is often used by the fighters. The aim of the fighters is to win and annihilate the enemy hence the essence of the warfare is to bring changes in leadership. This makes guerrilla fighters ready to die as long as they achieve their objective. Some guerrilla fighters manage to achieve an ideal and social justice they fight for. The guerrilla strategy aims at ensuring that the opposite force is completely destructed. To achieve this, the fighters analyze the resources and equipment the enemy is most likely to be using. First, an analysis of the bands objectives is done. This is followed by the identification of steps which will be followed to achieve the objectives. However, the strategy can be modified and adjusted as fighting continues. Fight and escape tactic from the armed forces is important for the fighters and gradual weakening of the enemy becomes the next step of the warfare strategy. For instance, an attack on the enemys territory includes tormenting of the enemies, destruction of communication lines and sabotage in central bases and operations. Ensuring that the fighters are secure Securing is vital and this is possible if the members of the society keep any information about the guerrilla discrete. Guerrilla bands can result to sabotage by paralyzing the enemy army, interfering with industrial life and leaving urban inhabitants without water, communication and factories. This weakens the morale of the enemy. When this is done successfully, the formation of new columns whereby the guerrilla chief stays in areas that are less dangerous while the new columns penetrate the territories of the enemy becomes necessary. Guerrilla tactics are numerous and flexible. They need to be adjusted continually so that the fighters adjust their actions to those carved out by the enemy. Mobility is very important for a guerrilla band. Mobilization of troops and flexibility are vital in the warfare. The ability of the fighters to adapt to various circumstances and to invent new tactics in order to surprise the enemy is an advantage to the band. Acts of sabotage just like in terrorism exist in guerrilla warfare. Sabotage in an effective and revolutionary method of warfare and although it is an effective strategy of guerrilla warfare, it should not put out affect means of production that can leave the lives of a large number of people paralyzed. Explosives that are used by the fighters can be seized from the oppressive government or manufactured in secret laboratories within a secret guerrilla zone.

Contemporary evolution of terrorism and global terrorism trends
The evolution of terrorism over the years has made it difficult for effective measures to combat terrorism to be implemented. The evolution has demanded for dramatic changes in counterterrorism initiatives. The increase in number of secular and religious terrorist groups can be attributed to the availability of ungoverned spaces which act as safe havens for terrorists. The areas provide terrorist organizations with an opportunity to plan, organize, train and operate in secret without detection by law enforcement authorities. For instance, countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq have ungoverned areas that become fertile grounds or vibrant jihadists movements to succeed. In the last five years, an increase in the number of ungoverned spaces has made it easy for the growing number of terrorist organizations to be established (Brigitte, 2000). One of the most innovative and creative terrorist groups that has been active in the past three decades is the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eeram of Sri Lanka (LTTES). This organization has been struggling to have an independent Tamil homeland for the Tamil minority established. The group has used sea-borne suicide operations and technology to become an instrument of change. The LTTE once had a membership of 15,000 members. However, the group was defeated by Sri Lankan military on 18th May 2009. This ended the twenty six year old Sri Lankan conflict.

In the Middle East, the resurgence of religious terrorism has made the fight against terrorism more complex. The Iran 1979 Islamic revolution is considered to have played a major role in the formation of radical Muslim groups because terrorism is motivated by the Islamic religious beliefs which promote Jihad. Many acts of terrorism at an international level are undertaken by religious terrorists. This is because use of violence is seen to be a divine duty and large scale violence is accepted in religious terrorism. Due to globalization and modernization, traditional cultures and religious norms have been undermined and this has led to the formation of religious terrorist groups to oppose changes that are witnessed. Secular terrorists are motivated by political issues and the need to demand for the rights of those they represent. There have been renewed concerns over the use of nuclear weapons by terrorists. According to a report by the Commission on the Prevention of Mass Destruction (WMD) Proliferation and Terrorism, terrorists are likely to use nuclear and biological weapons in near future. For example, countries such as North Korea have been criticized for testing missiles and this makes it easy for terrorists to access nuclear weapons. Iran has also been on the limelight due its nuclear facilities. Terrorist groups such as the Al Qaeda have shown interest in using nuclear weapons and the use of terror acts to achieve political objectives has made political events to undermine efforts to mitigate nuclear terrorism threats (Mailman et al, 2002). To combat terrorism, various antiterrorism policies and programs have been developed and implemented.

Anti-terrorism policies and programs
Many countries have developed measures that aim at combating terrorism. For example, the US Patriot Act which was signed into law in 2001 was enacted in order to improve counterterrorism strategies after the September 11 terror attack against the US. The Act expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism. Furthermore, the policy has increased the ability of US law enforcement agencies to conduct searches on telephone, mails, communication lines, financial records, library material and medical records in order to detect potential cases of terrorism (Brasch, 2005). The Act has ensured that acts of terror are prevented and suspects    punished. The policy has also enhanced and improved investigatory tools that are used by law enforcement authorities to deter terror acts. For example, the US National Security Agency runs a program that allows the US government to get a warrant and wiretap phone calls without requesting for a warrant. The program targets communication in and out the US by people who are suspected of having ties with terrorist networks such as Al Qaeda.

The Office of Anti-terrorism Assistance (ATA) has implemented the Anti-terrorism Assistance Program. The program is meant to train the law enforcement personnel and civilian security officers of allied governments on the procedures that can be implemented effectively deal with terrorism. The host country officers work together with the US mission in order to develop ways of providing bomb detection training and promoting VIP protection. The training also focuses on airport and building security, maritime protections and crime-scene investigation. Many recipients of ATA program are developing countries that lack necessary financial and human resources to maintain an effective anti-terrorism infrastructure and program. Training by ATA aims at protecting national leadership, protecting national borders, resolving terrorist incidences and protecting a nations critical infrastructure. The program was initiated in 1983 and has since then managed to train foreign law-enforcement and security officials. The program has strengthened anti-terrorism training capabilities of the countries that participate (Michaels, 2005).

The European Union anti-terrorism policy was put in place in 2001 and has since been updated frequently (Bruce, 1998). The EU after the 911 attacks against the US adopted an anti-terrorism action plan. This was followed by a frame work that aligned level of sanctions between member states and defined terror-related offences. The EU Council after the Madrid bombings issued a declaration against terrorism and Gus de Vries was appointed as the coordinator of counterterrorism strategies. The action plan is usually updated every six months. The Tampere program and The Hague program (adopted in November 2004) promote ambitious measures on judicial cooperation, border control and exchange of information among the member states. Measures to combat terrorist financing prevent recruitment in terrorist groups, implementation of an external security policy and protection of critical infrastructure has been taken. The European Arrest Warrant is another measure to combat terrorism in EU member states. European agencies that support anti-terrorism efforts include the European Border Agency, Eurojust and Europol. The Financial Action Task Force on money laundering (FAFT) combats terrorists financing.

The FBI Counterterrorism Threat Assessment and Warning Unit provide guidelines on FBI investigations about terrorism and reviews terrorist incidents. The National Commission of Terrorism (NTC) is a group mandated by the Congress and calls for an aggressive US strategy to combat terrorism. This includes a proactive law-enforcement and intelligence authority to gather information about terrorist methods and plans and employment of sanctions against countries that support terrorism. The group also seeks to improve the integration of counterterrorism programs into a national counterterrorism plan that is comprehensive (Crank and Gregor, 2005). The Domestic Preparedness Program has also played a major role in antiterrorism by designating the Department of Defense (DOD) as an agency that prepares the nation against attacks by terrorists using weapons of mass destruction.

Differing theories in relation to terrorist organizations
There are various theories that can be instrumental in understanding terrorist organizations. The social conflict theory is a social theory that argues that social classes within a society have different amounts of non-material and material resources. The powerful individuals use their power to exploit others. One way of exploiting is the use of brutal force. This can be considered similar to the brutal force used by terrorists to make their demands. One of the theories is the critical race theory. This theory was developed to explain various issues in sociology, politics and anthropology. The critical race theory comprises of a set of theories and practices that were advanced by African Americans, Asian Americans and Latino scholars in the 1990s.The theory advances a social justice framework and addresses social inequalities. Since the September 11 terror attacks against the US by the Al Qaeda, many scholars have developed interest in the contemporary critical race theory. The theory has been used to examine the concept of terrorism. The theory provides us with an understanding of social cruelty and political hypocrisy. The sociological theories of crime and delinquency include the control, social learning and strain theories. These theories attempt to explain crime in relation to the social environment. The social conflict theory implies that violence is a manifestation of social conflict. When terrorists use violence, it is an indication that there is a conflict.

Kohuts rage theory looks at rage and its causes. Heinz Kohut developed the idea of narcissistic rage. This form of rage develops in individuals when things fail to go according to the individuals plans. Rage results from shame that people feel when they are faced with failure. Rage becomes unexpected and uncontrolled anger as a result of narcissistic injury hence narcissists direct their anger towards individuals or groups of people who they consider to be responsible for their misfortunes. As a result, rage impairs cognition and this consequently impairs judgement.The first layer of rage is often constant rage towards someone while the second layer is self-aimed wrath. Terrorists can be considered to have narcissistic rage and therefore engage in destructive acts. The explosive form of narcisstic rage is verbally abusive and results to destruction of property. This kind of rage makes people homicidal hence they are ready to die in order to seek revenge. Narcissism is considered to be a form of self-perceived perfectionism. Because narcissistic rage makes individuals pseudo-perfectionists, they strive to become the main center of attention. This attribute is evident in terrorist organizations.Granovetters is known for his social network theory. The theory focuses on the spread of information in social networks referred to as the strength of weak ties. Within the social theory, economic action is embedded.

Terrorist Organizations
Terrorist organizations can either be religious or secular. In some  terrorist groups, religious motives  become the defining characteristic of the group(Andrew and Barbara,2006).The first  modern religious  terrorist organization appeared in the 1980s and as compared to secular terrorist organizations, the terror acts perpetrated by  religious terrorists are more devastating. This is due to the organizations concepts of morality, radically different value systems and mechanisms of legitimization and justification. Insurgence of Islamic terrorist organizations has been promoted by the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the Arab and Muslim world. In many Muslim countries, anti-western campaigns and beliefs have made the Western nations and their allies the target of terrorist organizations. Terrorist organizations emerge in both the rich and poor countries. The objectives of each group vary although in most cases the organizations are motivated by political factors (Brigitte, 2000).Terrorist attacks are always premeditated and well planned and when successful are very devastating. The strategies, tactics and targets of various terrorist organizations are influenced by the groups ideology. In many terrorist organizations, a large number of members is accounted for by men. However, female terrorists have always been part of terrorist organizations. It is estimated that about 30 per cent of the total number of members in some terrorist organizations are female who undertake operational roles in insurgencies. For example, Far Left terrorist groups focus on recruiting women as compared to the Far Right groups. Various organizations consider recruiting women in their operations as a great advantage to the organization and in some prominent terrorist organizations, women are recruited in large numbers and hold leadership positions. This is attributed to the fact that as compared to their male counterparts, women terrorists have already proved that they are more committed to the cause of the organizations even when arrested and imprisoned. Women are fanatical and show a great capacity to persevere suffering and because their motivation is emotional, their decision to participate in terror acts is not easily changed by intellectual argument.

Terrorist strategies are characterized by good planning. The organizations monitor the movements of their target very attentively and ensure that they procure and transport weapons to safe houses without detection.  Many terrorist units are small because large organizations can easily be infiltrated into. The organizations require the anonymity of big cities to escape detection because the ability to carry out their activities without detection is one of the most important strategies for terrorist organizations. Financial resources to support terror acts are provided by wealthy well-wishers while criminal activities such as drug and arms trade provide the organizations with financial resources to fund their activities (Dycus, Berney and Banks, 2009).In addition, blackmail, kidnapping and legitimate businesses act as the source of money for the organizations. Some of the weapons that terrorists use in the operations include pistol, automatic rifles and bombs. There are various religious and secular terrorist organizations across the continents. One example is HuM which is a Pakistani Sunni Islamist terrorist organization that was formed in 1985 with the aim of supporting Jihad against Soviet Union forces in Afghanistan. It has been associated with the Kashmiri Militant group al-Faran and the Al Qaeda. The HuM has been involved in terrorist attacks in Kashmir, Myanmar and Phillipines.Another group is the Jemmah Islamiyah. It aims at amalgamating Singapore, Southern Thailand, Indonesia, Southern Philippines and Malaysia into a fundamentalist Islamic State. The groups spiritual leader is Abu Bakar Bashi.It targets the Western nations, Singagpore, Phillipines and Indonesia.

The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) is a terrorist organization that was formed in 1964 with the aim of speaking out for Palestinians living in refugee camps in Lebanon. It has various affiliate groups and in the past aimed at destroying Israel. As a result, it has carried out terrorist campaigns against Israel.Yasser Arafat was the chairman of the organization until his death in 2004.The group has been linked to international terrorist attacks. Apart from the PLO, the Al Qaeda is a Sunni Islamist Umbrella organization that has become an international terrorist network. It was formed in 1979 and Osama bin Laden is its top leader. It targets the US, moderate Muslim governments and their allies.

The issue of international terrorist networks such as the Al Qaeda has   triggered debate on asymmetrical warfare methodologies and how they are used in violence-oriented organizations (Caforio, 2008).Strategists considers asymmetrical warfare as a conflict that deviates from the norm. In this warfare, one of warring parties is unequal in terms of arms with the other. As a result, the group adopts unlawful methods in order to win over the great strength of the adversary. In violence-oriented groups, assymetrical warfare is applied in order to defeat the enemys side which has great strength. For instance, international terrorism is considered to be an asymmetrical warfare because the terror acts lead to massive violation of human rights. International terrorists are engaged in acts that kill people in massive scale. In violence-oriented organizations, man has himself become a weapon. Suicide bombers for example sacrifice their own lives in order to attack the enemy. In order to win this kind of war, vast political scale is required (Caforio, 2008).Violence-oriented groups such as terrorist organizations tend to seek an asymmetric advantage over their rival party.Currently, assymetrical warfare has taken several forms. Apart from suicide bombing, terrorists are now infiltrating into international systems of trade, commerce and education in order to exploit information systems and the laxity of publics security. Instead of explosives, the groups are utilizing technological mechanisms in murderous and destructive ways.

Dark networks are illegal networks that are used by individuals or groups of people to create collective problems for governments and the people. The organizations cooperate in problem space-activities that are illegal. The theory of terrorism as dark networks has been emerging as the insurgence of terrorist organizations continues to be witnessed. The groups use governance and network structures   for immoral ends. Recommendations have been made that social network analysis be used to study social networks. According to the organization theory, collaborative networks have become appropriate tools of tackling management problems. Dark networks undergo changes in efforts to adapt to the changes that are made by powerful nations to combat them. For example, the Al Qaeda is considered to have made some changes in the organization due to the US and European Union efforts to combat terrorism. The networks are resilient and tend to make adjustments in the internal structure to avoid being eliminated. Therefore, it is important that control efforts that are directed towards organizational elimination of dark networks address the problems that   cause their formation. The networks have become the cause of complex problems experienced in the society and state (Gouvin, 2003).

Conclusion
The need to combat terrorism through the development and implementation of anti-terrorism agencies has demanded that countries work hard to ensure that initiatives and programs that aim at fighting terrorism are successful. Terrorist organizational strategies vary based on the motive of the organization. An insurgence of terrorist organizations especially those that are based on religious fundamentalism has made the fight against terrorism a great challenge. Military confrontation between the army and movements supported by the masses in order to ensure there is social justice has led to the formation of guerillas.  Guerrilla warfare occurs easily when forces of oppression are maintained in power against the established law. The discontent of the masses is then expressed through fighting and resistance and the warfare becomes the basis of peoples struggle to redeem them.

Martha Stewart has been a successful celebrity for many years she is the founder of a large lifestyle media empire, through her own magazine, Television show, flourishing line of home furnishing products as well as best selling books. Martha together with a business partner established a company by the name Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia in 1997 and she became the chairperson. As it is with many celebrities, there are those who envied Martha and those who disliked her popularity (Heminway, 2007).

It all stated after the sale of the ImClone stock on 27th December, 2001. Martha Stewart, a celebrity lifestyle entrepreneur and media personality, was called by her broker who suggested that the sale was based on insider information. The broker notified her that the CEO was liquidating the company stock. He advised her it would be better if she sold off her own shares of the company. Martha sold over 3,000 shares of ImClone system stocks in order to save her about 45,000 on her stocks. The following day after Stewarts shares had been traded, the stock value of the company shares dropped by 16.  A questioning coincidence between the selling of a large number of shares by the CEO and Martha was discovered by Securities and Exchange Commission who decided to carry out an investigation to find out if Martha was guilty of insider trading. Stewart was interviewed twice by investigators from Federal Bureau of Investigation, security and exchange commission, as well as the local United States attorneys office. In all these interviews she offered information about her reasons for trading her shares. These reasons were later found to be false by the jury (Heminway, 2007).

As stated by Michael, and Benson (2009), illegal insider trading according to the Securities and Exchange Commission is generally trading a security, in violation of a fiduciary responsibility or other relationship of trust, while in control of material and information that should not be disclosed to the public. When legal technicalities were looked into critically, Martha did not violate a fiduciary responsibility to the other investors, as she did not have real responsibility of informing them, which would have been the case if she was an officer with the organization. If Martha had initially confessed of her activities she would not have been charged with insider trading. However, Martha decided to do exactly the opposite of this they planned with her broker to fabricate a story on how a standing order existed clearly stating that Martha was to sell her shares if the stock price dropped below 60 per share.

She was charged with conspiracy, pre-jury changes, and false statement. Marthas case is one of the most recent white collar crimes. A white collar crime is an illegitimate act characterized by dishonesty, violation of trust, and threat of physical violence. These crimes are committed by individuals who have intent of obtaining money, property and services want to avoid loss of property or money or want to safeguard personal interest in the business. Cases of white collar crimes involve activities such as embezzlement, forgery, fraud and counterfeiting. Fraud is the most common white collar crime. These types of crimes are mostly committed by people who have power, money and wealth. White collar crimes mostly occur among those who come from higher socio-economically standing families. These people can afford to hire the most competent lawyer in the nation to defend their case. Though these people may be charged, they usually get a lighter sentencing than poor people who may commit similar crimes as well as crimes committed in the streets (Heminway, 2007).

Stewarts case was highly publicized by the media as it happens with all other celebrity cases. Though this case had a limited scope as compared to other cases of the same nature, the contradictions that existed between her standing as an incredibly thriving businesswoman as well as a source of inspiration to many trying to improve their way of life, and the prospect of her status as a convict, was without doubt fascinating to many Americans. On 4th June 2003, she stepped down as the chairperson of the Martha Stewart Living Omni-media voluntarily though she still maintained her position as the chief creative officer. She also resigned her position on the board of directors of the New York Stock Exchange

According to Associated Content, (2010), Martha was sentenced to 10 months in prison, and had to pay more than 250,000 in fines and penalties. She was also relegated of her powers as the president of Martha Stewart Living Omni-media. Many times a successful conviction of a prominent public figure is appealed and reversed at a higher court. Stewart was an exception she did not appeal. She opted to complete her sentence. Her case was officially closed on January 2006 when her appeals were rejected. Stewart would have liked to serve her prison term in Connecticut or Florida rather than at Alderson, which she claimed was remote. Her lawyer argued her case saying that, her aging mother would not be able to visit her at Alderson. Stewart was not taken to any of the prison of her choice because the Federal Bureau of Prisons thought that, these were easily accessible by the media. The Federal Bureau of Prisons said that, she would serve the sentence along other inmates most of whom were drug offenders. Stewart reported to Alderson at 6 pm on 8th October, 2004. During the time she was in prison, Stewart became an informal link between fellow inmates and the administration of the prison. Very many people often wonder how Martha could get such a lighter sentence as compared to the amount of money she swindled. It is argued that her case had a similar magnitude as drug dealing and therefore she was supposed to get a longer sentence.

Supporters of Stewart say that after she received the information concerning the possible drop in the stock price and then asked her broker to trade her shares, it is likely that she did not intentionally engage in an unlawful activity. Though there may be questions regarding the legality and ethics of insider trading, it is against the law and unethical to lie to federal investigators. It is claimed that, by plotting together with her broker to trick the Securities and Exchange Commission, Martha intentionally engaged in an unlawful act for which she cannot claim ignorance. She was found guilty of insider trading and confusing as well as deceiving her investors in her company. Martha had cashed out her money through trading the stocks prior to break out of the news to the public. She did not disclose the actual amount of the sell to the shareholders and this made them feel they had been deceived. Martha also deceived the government by making it believe that she had an agreement with her brokers to sell the stock if its price dropped below 60. These actions are unethical and are the ones that made Martha strongly guilty.

The punishments for insider trading are similar to those of street crimes penalties though it does not involve bodily harm. A person who engages in insider trading can be fined, jailed or banned from sitting on the board of directors of a public company.  In the case of Martha she was charged with conspiracy as well as obstruction of justice in an insider trading case and her punishment was a jail term of five months, house arrest for five months, probation for two years and a fine of 30,000. Many believed that this sentence was too lenient for Marthas case. It made many people realize how a celebrity, a political leader, or a rich businessperson can get off the hook due to hisher ability to pay the jail out. This was seen as an injustice of the judicial system to the poor who do not have the resources required to defend and protect themselves like a wealthy person. It was claimed that Martha got a lenient sentence due to her popularity. A normal person it is claimed would not have received the same sentence if heshe were to commit the same crime. People said that with her leniency, the judge was being unfair to the shareholders of the company (Cable News Network, 2010).

The most powerful punishment that Martha got was the negative media coverage that adversely affected her companys stock value. The media claimed that it was very wrong for the judge to base her judgment on the social role played by Stewart. The media stated that being an active member of the society did not give her the right to commit any kind of crime she wanted and also it did not give the judge the right to rule her case according to her liking. All these media claims affected the Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia company negatively as the company had built its reputation around her.
The white collar crime case also negatively affected Marthas relationship with foreign countries. In 2006, she was denied a visa to enter the United Kingdom, where she had planned to hold a talk on fashion and leisure industry issues at the royal academy due to her charges for obstructing justice. Stewart was released on March 2005. She was put under a two year term of strict supervision. Five months of the two year term were to be covered in confinement at home with electronic monitoring (Guardian News  Media, 2008).

Stewart can be characterized using egoism philosophy. This is the case whereby acceptable performances are defined in terms of outcomes to a person maximizing personal benefits. Martha according to cognitive moral development was in the stage of personal instrumental reason and exchange, thereby taking the decision of trading her stocks in both companies. The main objective of Martha was based purely on personal gains. She sold the stocks in order to eliminate chances of personal losses. She saw it fair as well as acceptable to eliminate personal losses without warning the other shareholders of the potential losses. This case led to Stewart being attacked by the media from everywhere. The top news in every broadcasting house was centered on her case. Every time her case was being heard, supporters, reporters and fans waited outside the court. Her popularity and fame led to the mass attack.  She was hurt by the excessive media attention as a result. This attention also hurt the Martha Stewart living Omnimedia Company, whose stocks drastically plummeted. She was greatly criticized by the media and the general public and to add insult to the injury the jury was not on her side. She became so distressed that she publicly declared her dissatisfaction of the jurys verdict. She however, said that she took comfort knowing very well that she had done nothing and her family as well as her friends was by her side. She said that she believed in the principle of justice and fairness in the judicial system and therefore remained hopeful that she would eventually prevail (Cable News Network, 2010).

It is believed by many that Stewart was negatively affected by the media coverage of her case. However, if the positive effects of that case are to be looked into critically, the excess media coverage increased her popularity even more. Majority of Americans came to know her. The more she was attacked by the media, the more people wanted to know about her and her products. The media indirectly helped her make a lot of profit. If a person happened to pass by a shop where items with her posters were displayed, heshe became curious and bought that item in an attempt to learn more about her. People started looking for information concerning her and her company in the internet. More and more supporters started listening to and watching her TV shows (Cable News Network, 2010).

An abstract is a very important aspect in the research process. An abstract usually presents a general summary of the research process and thus preparing, submitting, and presenting of the abstract becomes a vital ingredient in the research process. Coming up with a winning abstract that could be acceptable at any National Meeting is not an easy task. This paper explores what should be incorporated when coming up with an acceptable abstract.

Writing an Abstract
The abstract is usually a compressed synopsis of the study and therefore has to include the most important areas of the research process. These areas include purpose, design, findings, and implications, (Pierson, 2004, Para 1). The summary, if well presented clarifies the authors thinking, setting the project on the path of preparing a full document. Abstracts are not easy to prepare and therefore one has to dedicate enough time in preparing one. A comprehensive abstract should address several queries regarding the study which are reasons for the study, how you carry out the research, the findings, and finally the implications of the study. In a nut shell, a winning abstract should reflect a general overview of the study from the introduction to conclusion (Pierson, 2004).

Conclusions
Being a condensed version of the research work, abstracts can be referred to as bare bones due to the limited skeleton it offers to the study. Abstracts have to describe the study and the end results and this is normally done on one page. Great emphasis however needs to be put on the methodology and the results section so as to attract attention of the audience as these are the essential parts of any research undertaking.

Deviance has always been a captivating topic for theory scholars because it is viewed as pervasion in society and violates cultural as well as social norms. Early sociologists made attempts to explain why and how deviance occurred. There are diverse explanations of deviant behavior. This paper examines theoretical perspectives found in the Hell Angels book that span religious, medical and social concerns by taking an in depth look at demonic, classical and pathological theories.

Demonic Perspectives
This is the earliest theory of criminology.  It has its grounding in religious teachings. One of religions major functions is to explain the existence of suffering, death and evil. This aspect is known as theodicy and encompasses dualism, divine providence and karma. According to dualism, good and evil are in a constant struggle to take control of the universe with the evil side destined to lose the fight to God eventually. Karma traced its origins from Eastern religions, in particular Buddhism and Hinduism. It is closely tied to the reincarnation belief. A persons present behavior is explained by the possession of positive or negative karma that has been accumulated from their past incarnations. Therefore evil people are said to have inherited all the negative traits from their past incarnations. The doctrine of karma is however not deterministic and does not absolve a person from their actions nor does it invalidate a persons free will. The religion encourages a person who has inherited negative karma to struggle against it and live noble life. As per divine providence people are predestined to be born evil or good. All communities have criminals as sinners and saints are destined to live together. This is all part of Gods plan, that was established before the creation of man. Some have described this as Calvinism, with God being, all knowing, all powerful and inscrutable (Flood, 2007, p.87).
The demonic perspective takes the form of two models which are temptation model and possession model. Both of these are found in the Bible which contains both the deterministic and the free will views of human nature. All humans are tainted by the legacy of the first sin by Adam and Eve. However, in Christianity and Judaism, people have a free will to do evil. These two religions therefore seek to explain criminal behavior through the temptation and possession models (Flood, 2007, p.87).

Temptation model The devil tempts people while the good force offers strength and rewards that resist the devils temptation. Therefore, only naturally weak people give in to temptation. The deterrent to perform evil is the threat of eternal damnation (Levinson, 2002, p.17).

Possession This is the deterministic view of demonic theory and as such is seen as the root of later positivist theories. A person is no longer in control of the actions once possessed by an evil spirit. The devil therefore takes over the person will controlling the mind and body resulting in behavior that is evil. One solution to this is to cast out the evil spirit through exorcism. Some possession models have the free will component which states that only those who are not vigilant and those who turn to the dark side can be possessed. However even the righteous can get possessed although their actions during this state are forgivable (Levinson, 2002, p.17).

Sociality provided the basis for rejection of the demonic perspective with its basis on religious explanations for deviant behavior had dominated Americas history. The demonic perspectives were rejected during and after the Enlightenment. It provides natural explanations to human ways with suffering and evil arising from worldly rather than unworldly forces (Anderson et. al., 2007, p.466).

Classical Theory
This theory emerged in the eighteenth century to provide a more comprehensive approach as opposed to the highly arbitrary and unscientific demonic perspective. This perspective is described as normative, essentialist and yet non-determinist.  It attempted to provide a fair and rational system of identifying and punishing deviancy in the society. Philosophical concepts of free will and social contracts were used to determine what was deviant or not. The state would protect its citizens from injustices and they in turn would exercise their free will and judgment not to commit crime. The human rights principles as stated in the US constitution are based on the classical perspectives administrative justice concepts. Personal choice has become a focus for people and researchers wishing to address the issue of why people engage in criminal or deviant behavior (Barak, 2007, p.10).

Classical theorists developed an analysis of human behavior on which concepts of rational choices are based. This theory focused on the following central points humans are viewed as rational actors, rationality involves calculations of the end and means to that end. People therefore choose deviant as well as conforming behaviors and this is dependent on their calculations rationally. The central element of calculation involves an analysis of benefits (pleasure or pain), the choice is usually towards maximization of pleasure, the government uses the law which is the embodiment of social contracts to maintain order and the common good. The nature of punishment in terms of its swiftness, severity and certainty is the key indicator of the laws ability to control the behavior of humans in the society (Hirschi  Gottfredson, 1994, p.21).

The classical perspective was a social and political response to changing economic, social, religious and demographic conditions in the world and in particular Europe. However, it dominated deviance thinking for only a short period. Positivist research on the external (social, psychological, and biological) factors that cause deviance focused attention on the factors that force themselves to form obstacles and pose constraints on the individual rationality in choice making. Following the increased rates of crime in 1970s and 1980s that were facilitated by the failure of the rehabilitative technologies, much focus has shifted to scrutinize the process of decision making. This led to the development of the rational choice theory (Goode, 2008, p.9).

Pathological perspective
This perspective was prominent in the nineteenth century following a history of classical and demonic perspectives. It was based on the idea that pathology- some predisposition, abnormality or trigger- was responsible for making a person a criminal. This is the reason some scientists named it the born to be bad theory. It is deterministic and essentialist. It was based on the idea that criminals were a form of step back in the stages of human evolution. This resulted in the categorization of criminals into criminal loids, born criminals, insane criminals. It also leads to research being done on female offenders (Anderson and Taylor, 2005, p.168).

The basis of this perspective is the 16th century positivist philosophy (concepts that science can explain human life). The shift from classical to positivist criminology was initiated by several factors. One is the emergence of scientific reasoning away from the highly religious era prior thereof due to developed scientific methods. Consequently, empirical researches to predict whether or not an individual would engage in criminal behavior were developed (Alarcon et. al., 1998, p.177).

This perspective of the born criminal had questionable reasons for being popular. It gave the ruling class a convenient excuse to ignore social problems. It also refuted the notion that crime was a part of society which should be accepted as arising from social conditions.

Deviance as a result of pathology can be traced back to ancient Greece where the humeral theory suggested that deviance behavior was as a result of imbalanced human fluids. Another root is the study of phrenology (criminality was determined by brain shape and size). Still others believed that arterial diseases of the brain caused mental disorders and deviance (Alarcon et. al., 1998, p.177).
In this view criminals were biologically inferior, products of an early stage of evolution and could be distinguished from non criminals because of their degenerative physical faults. Pathological humans were thought to display rudimentary mental and physical attributes similar to those of early man. These attributes were thought to stem out of the lack of some ancestral evolution. Criminals were therefore not humans but sub species of man (Anderson  Taylor, 2005, p.169).

In the pathological perspective, lunatic criminals included those that were not born criminals but became so at a point of their life when an alteration of their brain upset their morality causing them to be unable to discriminate between wrong and right. This category included those afflicted with melancholia, general paralysis, pellagra and dementia, alcoholism, epilepsy, hysteria, as well as imbeciles and idiots (Rainwater, 1974, p.242).

Criminal loids, who were responsible for almost a third of all deviant behavior, did not possess skeletal structures similar to born criminal. However they showed physical characteristics similar to the later. This criminal group succumbed to their criminal elements after struggling for a better part of their lives. They were also known to be reluctant to commit deviant behavior and confess (Rainwater, 1974, p.242).

The most concerning group was the born criminals, who although formed only a third of the deviant offenders and committed atrocious crimes. They were thought to be related to epileptics and imbeciles because they exhibited similar mental and physical characteristics. Other characteristics of born criminals included differences in sensory functions, lack of moral sense, keener eyesight, a higher threshold to pain and excellent sense of smell as well as greater left side body strength which set them apart from their counterparts. They lacked a moral sense because they had no remorse and were never repentant, while further being cynics, treacherous, impulsive, vain, vindictive, idle and cruel. A major tell-tale sign was the use of special criminal slang and tattooing as a visual expression (Anderson and Taylor, 2005, p.169).