Sociology

Communication technology has eliminated barriers between countries making migration and cultural exchange possible between people. The result is emergence of global culture and increased contact between countries (Mead 1978). Natives from various parts of the world can now recognize and acknowledge the existence of other communities with different customs. Modern communication technologies like the internet and digital televisions enable individuals to achieve this high level of civilization. These allow people to see, hear and chat with one another leading to formation of a new culture termed as world culture. This is common with young generation which also spends considerable amounts of time communicating with friends online (Brey 2006). The young generation may introduce some newly acquired traditions to the older generation and there is a possibility of loss of cultural identity to a community (Brey 2006).

Communication technology has therefore led change in direction of flow and source of cultural information. In olden days, this information used to be transmitted from the old ones to the young ones in a population- this is now changing gradually (Mead 1978). Folks from diverse origins form groups to campaign for or against some deeds (and individuals) thanks to social networking sites. Communication between people over long distances is now very easy (Brey 2006).

Communication technology has facilitated migration leading to increased intermarriages between communities and this was not the case in the olden days. People who have migrated can still communicate with relatives and get information about their countries through current communication technology. Some individuals can now build marital affair online unlike in the past where it used to be face to face (Tomlinson 2000). According to Permalink (2007), computer networking provides quick access to world news to individuals in various locations.  Individuals are able to chat online and share their experiences.

Communication technology has also helped people to search and find jobs in foreign land, explore features in other nations and access other vital information about their neighbors. Internet has enabled people to have a common language of communication which in most cases is English, though some sites use different languages. Communication technology has also allowed the dissemination of world prices of certain commodities like petroleum products leading to standardization of charges. The development has also led to market liberalization.

The dressing code of some communities has been influenced by the designs availed to them by current communication technologies. This is very common in third world countries. The moral status of some community members has been negatively affected by the current developments in communication technology. This includes increased rape cases, watching pornographic materials, trafficking, among other internet based and offline crimes (Spellings 2005). Communication between thugs and other law breakers is facilitated by use of this new technology hence most of them commit more complex crimes and avoid arrest. However, in some countries, internet is being used to combat crime. Communication technology has also made people to practice other religions they come to know like Christianity. Exotic eating habits have also been spread by the use of these technological advances in communication.

To some extend, internet has been used as a means of spreading western culture. This has led to cultural imperialism and moral horror. The western and American culture is highly spread through internet. The English language has been spread to many countries via the internet.  Current communication technology has also led to spread of religions mainly of western origin like Christianity. New types of foods and eating behaviors of western origin have been introduced to other countries through internet. Pornographic material is common in European countries but through internet, it has spread to almost every part of the world. Most revenues generated via internet belong to western countries since internet business is more developed in those nations (Lao-Araya 2003). Governments all over the world are beginning to control the internet content for their citizens and restricting some sites. In addition to this, there is emergence of sites which do not use English as a language and this will help control western influence through the internet.

School shooting can be defined as any act of violence involving a gun in a learning institution. It can involve either a student or an intruder. This practice is quite common particularly among high school and institutions of higher learning students. However, the reason behind such acts of violence amongst students or by intruders remains controversial. Some people have associated this to psychological impairment problem by the offenders. Others see it as a direct result of bullying acts among students. This paper is a discussion on the reasons behind school shootings. The author also gives some statistics on school shooting incidence in American schools.

Reasons why children commit these acts of violence
Bullying and gang violence among students is cited as a leading cause of school shooting (Ramsland, 2010). Bullying and racial discrimination has been cited to be common among school students. This leads to stress in the victims, a potential cause of depression. Just to be stated is the fact that depression as a psychological disorder greatly compromises the reasoning and judgmental ability of an individual (Daniels, 2002). It diminishes the individuals value for life and can result into impulsive reaction thus resulting into school shootings. Still, even without depression, the ability to contain anger varies from individual to individual. Therefore, school shootings could be acts of anger by bullied students.

School shootings have also closely associated with bad media influence on children (Brooks, 2010). According to available evidence, children in America spend an estimated six hours daily on media materials which are mostly dominated by acts of violence (Brooks, 2010). As an example, existing statistics has it that over 50 percent of teenagers in America have played adult censored video games. Media violence has been found to influence the stream of thoughts and perceptive worldview of an individual. Therefore, school shooting could be seen either as an act of curiosity by the student to practice what they see in the media or a direct result of violent character influenced by violent media materials (Brooks, 2010).

Another reason is mental impairment. Psychological evidence has it that mental impairment disorders like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can result into serious acts of aggressiveness and violence (Goetting, 2006). This type of disorder is common in children and is commonly marked with hyperactivity or unreasoned actions and highly impulsive reaction on circumstances by the child. Other than this, students with mental impairment of any type can rarely reason and act consciously. This can therefore lead to school shootings.

Peer pressure can also lead to school shootings. Students, just like other members of the society are prone to influence from their peers (Daniels, 2002). Moreover, intents of a group usually go beyond when unity amongst members prevail. Based on this reasoning, influence by a group of students to engage school violence can lead to school shooting as their collective momentum increases their aggression.

Most school shootings have been attributed to drug abuse among students (Ramsland, 2010). Drugs can either stimulate or suppress the reasoning ability of an individual. According to available statistics, over 70 percent of young Americans aged below fifteen years have either taken or are taking drugs (Brooks, 2010). Coincidentally, most cases of school shootings are witnessed in regions marked with high rates of organized crime activities and drug abuse. Therefore, school shooting can be attributed to drug abuse among students in learning institutions.

Family and school environments are a major factor in the process of modeling the character of children. These environments also serves as the bedrocks upon which children get comfort and advice in dealing with their personal problems. It has been evidently established that some school do not create a conducive environment for ensuring harmonious coexistence of students as well as addressing students individual and family problems (Goetting, 2006). On the other hand many parents only serve to corrupt behavior and character traits of their children through their constant engagement in family conflicts. All these can result into increase aggression as well as depression among students thus risking school shootings.

Some school shooting statistics in America
There are many incidences of school shooting which have occurred in American schools. However, since 1966, only three deadly incidences have occurred namely the 1966 University of Texas or The Austin massacre were 15 students died, the 1999 Columbine High School massacre were 15 students died, and the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre were 33 students were killed (Fox News, 2007, Ramsland, 2010). Other cases include Amish school shooting in 2006 killing six students, Red Lake Senior High School massacre, of 2005 which killed 8, University of Iowa shooting of 1991 with a death toll of 6, and the 1989 Cleveland School massacre which killed 6 students among others (Ramsland, 2010). All these shootings have evident injury of many students.

Conclusion
All in all, the cause of school shootings is a possible combination of varied reasons. They vary from self imposed, psychological, to environment imposed factors. Based on these, the realization of a lasting solution to school shootings and other forms of school violence must encompass all social and mental aspects of the students.

With globalization taking the world by storm, more and more companies are explicitly detailing their corporate cultures and organizational structures to meet an international environment. With time, multinational companies have corresponded to their host nations cultural restrictions by basing their organizational culture to encompass key elements of the national culture.

However, recent studies relating to the field have created a bit of a controversy on the framework applied by companies. Most companies encompass national culture on the basis of territorial boundaries and national identities. Research has shown that, while this method is still predominant across the corporate sector, it is often ineffective when culture is not unified and homogenous in nature. Recent studies have actually shown that territorial boundaries do not define culture alone (Singh, 2005).

The paper seeks to understand the extent to which cultures can be termed as homogenous across territorial boundaries. Using the examples of India and China, the paper will discuss why territorial and national assigned boundaries do not determine a national culture. The second part of the paper will discuss the implications this has on companies using unified frameworks to analyze cultures of their host nations. Since most companies use national cultural frameworks to define their organizational behavior, the question lies in the fact that what do companies do when the culture of their host nation is not unified according to their framework.

National culture
To understand homogeneity and unification of culture, it is first important to understand the term culture and national origin. Similarly, with it entails the research on the history and antecedent of national cultures. Most researches and studies do not consider this valuable asset, but it is extremely useful in defining the characteristics of culture and the homogeneity and unified concept that follows.
When most researchers consider culture, they tend to combine and group together the entire culture of a country. This helps in the context of comparisons between different nations and to gain a holistic view of the culture.  However, when we are considering countries with multi linguistic, religious and ethnic backgrounds, it is difficult to combine them into one holistic culture based on national boundaries without losing sight of the main picture (Schneider, 2002).

To define my point, the culture of a nation is promoted through the analysis of the various components and traditions that are part and parcel of the population of that country. Observing tribes, societies and communities, a set of rituals, traditions and the general way of life, a combination can promote one unified culture (Singh, 2005). A methodology through which various researchers have identified national cultural frameworks used to study the culture of various nations. This study of culture is then used by various companies operating in multinational environments to shape their organizational behavior.

The point of contention occurs in nation states such as Russia, China or India, where there are a set of different cultures operating in different regions of the country. In such cases, for sake of simplicity, unifying the cultures based on territorial boundaries makes comparison and distinction between various companies easier, but it does not give a true picture of the entire elephant, but rather just its parts (Singh, 2005).  The argument lies in the fact that national culture is a relatively new term coined in the early part of the 20th century. Secondly, the issue in itself is western centered, given that most nations across Asia only witnessed nation states emerging in the later part of the 20th century (Singh, 2005). Finally, the term nation state has different implications and jurisdictions in different parts of the world. Thus, one can safely presume that on the basis of stereotyping, and reducing complexities, national culture is a name coined to promote a short hand account and description of a nation(Singh, 2005). It not only saves time, but also saves resources.

Analysis of national cultural frameworks
With time, various researches have been conducted to find a singular, unified way of identifying cultures. These frameworks, designed to promote national culture have been used not only in text books to teach the younger generations, but also to help multinational corporations expand into new markets. This data comes in extreme usefulness as multinationals seek to identify their strategies and way of operating in another country, given the cultural differences that might occur between the host nation and the country of origin for the multinational company.

The first research was done by Hofstede. Based on a research conducted on in house attitude of various subsidiaries of two American multinational companies, Hofstede identified a range of factors which determine cultural setting and help in its analysis (Tayib, 2001). They were
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Individualism and collectivism
Masculinity and Feminism
Time orientation

These five factors varied on a range of high to low, and countries could be situated on this axis. Using these factors and way of behavior, a company could successfully analyze the cultural base of a country (Schneider, 2002).

Another theory, developed by Triandis based culture entirely on the factor of individualism and collectivism. These factors could be used to analyze cultural, psychological and individual levels (Tayib, 2001). During the same time, Fiske developed his own factors of examining culture claiming that a thorough analysis of social patterns and behavior, the entire culture could be broken down and thus examined and compared. He offered four critical factors for analysis which included (Tayib, 2001)
Communal sharing
Equality Matching
Marketing Pricing
Authority ranking

Finally, Trompenaars (1993) model offered another continuum based view of culture. He proposed a set of 7 dimensions, with the majority dealing with the way people in a culture handle their relationships with others, to describe a national culture (Tayib, 2001). His 7 elemental parts of his theory were
Universalism and Particularism
Individualism versus Collectivism
Neutral versus emotional
Specific versus diffuse
Achievement versus ascription
Time orientation
Environment orientation

Hall (1977) also presented his view on national cultures. According to him, it was easy to distinguish a national culture simply on the basis of two dimensions low context and high context. According to him, the way communities and societies in a nation communicate with each other are the primary source of definition of culture (Tayib, 2001). According to him, context related to the information around the surroundings of a person. Those cultures that favored low context had a population who favored direct communication, free of indirectness and ambiguity. High context populations favored non verbal communication and indirect communication as a primary source of information.

Implications on national cultural frameworks
All in all, the above mentioned frameworks have been very useful to multinational companies seeking to operate around the world. However, it is equally valid that one theory is never used to analyze a culture. The above theories are used in collaboration with each other to gain the maximum point of average to determine a culture of a country. However, the underlying problem with all these theories is that they are based on territorial lines and collective thinking.

If we observe some of the factors mentioned above, we can see discrepancies within the cultures of a nation. When observing the French nation state, on the basis of territorial boundary, it is easy to quantify the people as highly individualistic in nature. However, based on the policies that the State itself exhibits, a different picture emerges. Their reliance on public transport, welfare programs and social policies reflect a very collectivism based nature. Similarly, Japan is construed as a culture with a high level of collectivism in its population. However, Masakazu (1994), a prominent sociologist in Japan argues against this. He claims that Japans culture itself has been shaped by strong individualistic people who have built the traditions and values that Japan holds today (Tayib, 2001).

If we compare nations, the United Kingdom is individualistic in nature whereas India is collectivist in nature. Technically, in the event of a tragedy the people of the UK should bundle in their homes and forget the fallen, where as the Indians should do the exact opposite (Tayib, 2001). However, in most situations, we ll witness that people gather around, communities center around and donate to help those in a problem in the UK. Where as in India, often such a tragedy would be complimented with another on the basis of caste differences and status quo.

Considering another variable, if we look at attitude to power and authority, we find that the factor is entirely based on situations and context. Given a narrow look into the Indian society, a man will find himself feeling more powerful and having more authority in his home, in the presence of his wife, then what he will feel when he is with his boss, or work place (Tayib, 2001). The situation becomes even more complicated if the company where he works is headed by a female member.

Time orientation is situational based as well. Monochromic individuals are time oriented whereas polychromic tend to take time scheduling less importantly. The question really lies are on what basis can one entire population is critically structured to fit in one of the above two. If we look at the Japanese, anybody can clearly tell that their orientation towards the timings of meetings and scheduling daily tasks can vary. Perhaps because of their over emphasis on developing relationships and adhering to their collectivist nature, but when we witness their production schedules and techniques, their entire processes are fine tuned keeping in mind time scheduling and eliminating any delays. That aspect is so important that they have gained worldwide recognition for their timeliness and honor in this respect (Tayib, 2001).

Thus, it becomes evidently true that there are more factors involved when determining the culture of a country. It also becomes clear that assigning a culture on the basis of categories or factors does not give a true representative sample. Often, there are variations amongst the population of a particular country as opposed to the characterization offered by national framework models. It also comes to light that the behavior of a population will be based upon factors such as ones values, assumptions, economic activity, age, education and life experiences. This dispels the notion that a country can have a unified culture because within the national boundaries of a nation, these factors are variables according to context.  The case is made even clearer when we consider a member of the population of a country who is well travelled and well educated (Tayib, 2001). Such as person will be far more appreciative of diversity and accept other nationalities. However, a person from a rural background, lack of education and no exposure to other ethnic backgrounds will find it harder to do so.

Description of true cultural variants (Singh, 2005)
Research has shown that there are a set of factors that contribute to the social upbringing of a person in an environment. Based on environmental factors and personal factors, the culture exhibited varies from person to person in one unified country. Thus, the claim that a culture can be unified and homogenous in nature based on territorial boundaries can be investigated using the following characterizations
Social identity
Historical context
Economic Parameters
Institutional Factors
Geography

When we discuss the effects of social identity, language usage, religion, literacy and perhaps even territorial mobility factors come into play. The way a person exhibits behavior is highly reliant on the above factors. Thus, based on the above factors, it is highly plausible to believe that in major countries such as India, China and Russia, a set of different cultures exist together (Singh, 2005). The various regions in such state offer different varieties of social identities to their people. Some areas might have a high literacy rate where as others might have a high religious background. This is particularly true in cases of metropolitans where the population is more accepting of western ideals and cultures since their environment is more similar to their current situations.

When we examine the historical context we need to trace back to the ancestry of the country. Now it is highly likely that certain provinces will have shared histories, myths, stories and legends with other bordering nations (Singh, 2005). For instance, if you examine India and Pakistan, both split from one nation, will share similar historical events. Thus provinces bordering India would show more inclination towards the Indian culture rather than the unified Pakistani culture. In some cases, this even leads to revolt. For instance, there are certain provinces in India that are asking to be independent based on their differences with the homogenous culture of India (Davis, 2006). Some want to join Pakistan, where as some areas in Pakistan want to join Afghanistan.

Economic factors are often associated with being the fastest transmitter of cultural norms. Since economic parameters are fundamental to all cultures, the economy materializes the culture. States such as Vermont witness more farming oriented culture. Whereas the culture in New York is based more on a fast tracked life.

Institutional factors are factors related to governance. When we see major federations, we see that the local governments preserve each regions culture. They impose laws and regulations based upon the idea of the people in that particular area. Some laws vary from nationally implemented laws. Often, some states might even have separate constitutions, showing a clear difference in their cultural standing. Thus, one unified federation can have different cultures operating within it.

Finally, the geography of a land and the climatic factors also play their role in determining culture of a national region separately. Work habits, work timings, division of labor, work ethics, structure of society, and even rituals of a society (Singh, 2005). The fact can be simply termed in the following celebrating Christmas in an atmosphere of cold and snow is entirely different from celebrating Christmas in an atmosphere without any. The ritual and traditions change based on locality and geography of the nation.

Implications on organizational behavior
The underlying question that this paper seeks to answer is that why many multinational companies falter in new markets even though they have extensively researched their host nations culture. The fundamental reason lies in the following

Nations are made of up different cultures. It is true that for the sake of collective comparisons, one unified culture becomes more applicable and advantageous. However, organizations operating in different areas inside a country need to realize that their consumption patterns, marketing strategies and recruitment techniques will vary based on where they base their operations within that very country itself.

Second, organizations have to break free from the idea that cultures are static. Organizations must favor new research that is founded on the principles of ethnicity basing. This way, a more current and relevant form of data will be available to organizations for the implementation of their strategies. This fundamental difference is in the fact that organizations can see the varying thought processes and consumption patterns between different age groups in the same country.

On the concrete nature of organizational behavior and cultural constraints, organizations operating in federating countries need to understand that each constituency will have their own domains, legislative, executive and judicial parameters. Since federating units have a considerable amount of freedom in application of their own laws and regulations, cultures can significantly vary between provinces and federating units on the basis of institutional effects. Thus, legal parameters on the basis of one unified culture have to be restudied by organizations and thus their organizational behavior should reflect the same differences as the differences visible in the national culture of the country they are operating in.

Language constraints and the effect of multiple languages in a country can seriously change the course of business for any multinational organization. They strictly have to observe that their communication aspects of the company are along the lines of the various cultures present in the country. Without which, not only their marketing efforts will yield little rewards but at the same time, the reach to potential consumers will be drastically hampered. This is an issue that the organization would want to consider internally as well. Since the diverse range of employees it will hire, giving directions and implementing organizational behavior will require diversity in the medium of language the company chooses as well (Tayib, 1998).

Multinational companies trying to enter new markets will be presented with new challenges as well.  Entry strategies will drastically be affected by the recognition of different cultures in one territorial boundary. The company will have to consider factors such as
Is the home office ideal for the entire country
Where should the location of operations be
Is the entry strategy appropriate for all cultures of the country
Level of customization in products and services
HRM processes will have to be varied

Will the current skill set of our employees need to be recharged to fit a multi cultural environment
Organizational behavior of a company will vary in the sense, after due consideration to the factors mentioned above, that it will reflect a multi marketing strategy. This strategy will help the organization realize real time benefits in the face of human resource planning and marketing strategies. In lieu of these advantages, companies will be able to develop their operations on the basis of cultural clusters (Singh, 2005). This in turn will help them place their operations more effectively. A marketing strategy in one part of Pakistan could also be applicable in a neighboring Indian state, reflecting a low cost and more effective marketing strategy (Davis, 2006). Thus, marketing will not be shaped according to territorial boundaries but rather cultural boundaries, which would make operations for a firm more effective, both internally and externally.

Understanding diversity in the workplace and accepting variable cultures will help organization adapt to situations more profoundly. In the instances of work conflicts, employee motivational techniques and production techniques, organizations will find their operations more streamlined if they consider multi cultures in one nation. To continue working effectively, and efficiently, employee needs must be carefully evaluated. To group all employee needs on the basis of one culture will alienate some other groups of people and thus the strategy will be useless in eventuality (Tayib, 1998). Thus, diversifying strategies in line with diverse cultures will bring stability to the firm and its organizational behavior (Ralston, 1996).

Conclusion
Based on the above arguments, it is quite unreasonable to assume that countries such as India, China, Russia and even Japan have one unified culture. The studies that have been done on national cultures seek only to provide a holistic view of a nation, often divided by various cultures operating under the hood of one. Understanding these cultures is of utmost important, especially to companies who are operating in multinational atmospheres.

The research that is being done must be done with the inclusion of the antecedents of culture. Without looking at what really defines culture would only result in bias treatment of the research itself. Adequate research on these factors and fair methodology of research will help organizations see a different picture of the global cultural perspectives. As is visible in the Indian Subcontinent, Middle East and Far East, companies will find cultural clusters which can dramatically readjust their marketing strategies in the region, instead of relying on national consensus based on territorial boundaries which can be misleading (Ralston, 1996).

What research shows us is that a highly motivated employee proves out to be the best when it comes to achieving organizational goals. This becomes significantly important for the management of the organization that the employees should remain motivated. The question that arises here is that what factors motivate employees, and is there a single motivational tool that can be used for every employee (Luthans, 2001).

In this regard it is very helpful in distinguishing between the different types of employees that are present in an organization. There are different people in an organization all with different skill sets and different types of aspirations. Everyone has different preferences and different goals in life therefore their preferences regarding monetary incentive are also different (Islam, 2008).

After reaching this we can identify that there are two types of factors that plays a major role in employee motivation. One of them is the extrinsic motivational factors or in other words external incentives.  These types of people are mainly driven by external benefits and they are only interested in making more and more money (Frey, 2002).

While most of the managers of this era believes that money is the single most important element of employee motivation , experts believe that the most motivating rewards comprises of both the monetary benefits and nonmonetary benefits (McIlroy, 2004).

In this regard the importance of informal recognition cannot be ignored. By informal recognition we mean acknowledging an employees good. This does not necessarily means rewarding them with some monetary item infact just a pat on the back, or employees involvement in decision making, asking about their opinion, giving them authority to do their jobs in their domain, supporting them when they are not performing quiet up to the mark, calling them by their names and etc, all these plays a vital role in employee motivation as a sense of ownership is developed in the employee and this feeling leads them towards giving their best for the organization (Harvard Business School Press, 2005).  
 
Motivational Theories
As the business world is getting more and more complex the importance of human resource is growing in stature. Managers of todays business world have identified that the human resource is their most valuable asset, an asset which cannot be easily imitated by their competitors and that is why the need for keeping their employees motivated and satisfied is increasing (Dawson, 1987).
When it comes to motivation then the question that arises in the mind of the managers is that what makes their employees motivated. There are two broad categories in which motivation at work is segmented is the extrinsic motivational factors and the intrinsic motivators. The extrinsic motivators deals with mainly the external factors like salary, workplace condition, job security etc. on the other hand the intrinsic motivators contributes to the inner satisfaction of the employee, opportunity to prove their worth., importance of their work and recognition, how their work is being viewed in the outside world etc (Wiley, 1997).

If both of these factors are expanded, it can be said that both of them are needs of an individual which makes them motivated, and keeps them satisfied with their job. This concept of need leads us towards the most important theory related to motivation that is the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.

According to Maslow, human needs can be categorized into a hierarchy of five segments. An individual is standing on one of the five steps of this need ladder and cannot go up until and unless that particular need is not fulfilled. These needs are
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Social needs
Sneed for self esteem
Self actualization

The important thing which should be kept in mind regarding the Maslows theory is that according to Maslow an individual cannot jump to a higher need until its previous need is not fulfilled. The physiological needs refer to the very basic needs of any human being that is the need to eat when they are hungry and thirst when feeling thirsty need for rest when they are tired etc and other bodily needs (Bonnera, 2002). Second need on the hierarchy is the safety needs, this type of need deals with the security regarding physical and emotional harm. After that comes the social need and as its name suggest its related with the need of affection, friendship, belongingness, the need of being loved etc. After that is the need of self esteem and recognition, this also includes the factors like self respect, status, recognition and attention. And last but not the least is the self actualization need which is the ultimate need of an individual, its related with inner achievement and pride for self (Myers, 1998).

Now if we compare this theory with assignment in hand it would show us that a good manager would know that currently on which step of the need ladder his employee is standing. Once the manager identifies the need of the employee he can quiet easily take the best out of that employee and at the same time keeping the employee motivated and satisfied. the initial factors of the need hierarchy is based on the basic necessities of an individual, when an individual is standing on the any of the first two steps their priority would be to satisfy these two needs like for example job security. After that when these needs are being fulfilled then the next need becomes dominant. Similarly when an employee has fulfilled the first three needs then they no longer would be a motivational factor for him. With this we can further divide the needs into two categories where the lower order needs are mainly concern with the external features and the higher order needs represents the internal needs of an individual (Maslow, 1973).

Alderfers ERG Theory
The ERG theory is a modified version of Maslows theory. According to Alderfer there are three core needs of any human being and they are
Existence
Relatedness
Growth

The existence need is similar to the Maslows first two needs that is the physiological and safety needs. Relatedness is much related to the social needs of the individual, need of interpersonal relationships. And the third one is the growth need and as the name suggests its related with an individuals strive for development (Dawson, 1987).
Herzbergs Two Factor Theory
Herzberg classified the human needs into two factors which are
Hygiene or extrinsic factor
Motivators or intrinsic factors

The hygiene factors primarily comprise of the administration, supervision, working conditions, and salary, and if these needs are not satisfied the employee may become dissatisfied with the job. Similarly the second kind is that of the motivators that include recognition of their job, responsibility and growth. These needs are fulfilled by an individuals work and performance at the job (Dawson, 1987).

After we have analyzed the most important theories of motivation it could be said that there is no fixed pattern from which a person can become motivated. It is often observed that professionals that are on the upper management of an organization are not much motivated by the extrinsic factors reason being they have made enough money, they have all the luxuries in the life and their basic needs are fulfilled so money is not a motivational factor for them. What motivates them is a challenging job, or a new venture, or some creative job where they can demonstrate their skills. This might not be the case for a mid level manager when his physiological and safety needs are fulfilled but the quality of life that he has in his mind is not yet achieved. This means that until that need is not fulfilled he would not move up to the other need (Kulkaa, 2005).

A survey was conducted in order to know that what motivated the employee most and the overall perception that was acquired was that it was cold hard cash that makes people come to work every morning.  Lots of surveys and studies have been conducted lately to investigate the factor which is most crucial for employee motivation and not surprisingly the finding of the survey showed that still there are majority of people who prefer money as motivational factor over other non monetary benefits. The reason why there is a high tendency of money as motivator is because of the high inflation and other economic situations where people are not much sure about their current job and want to make more and more money so as to secure their future. But still a proper balance should be maintained between the monetary benefits and non monetary benefits for the reason that you cannot motivate everyone with the same yardstick.    

According to the United Nations, there are an estimated five hundred million person with disability in the world either suffering from mental, physical, intellectual or other forms of medical disabilities and the number continues to grow as because people are not equipped with enough information, if any on their causes, treatment and prevention methods. Despite this being a significant population, they continue to face discrimination, marginalization and other forms of human rights violations making their lives even more difficult. In some countries efforts are being made to change the situation it does not seem to be enough to significantly change things. Apart from people living with disabilities there are other minority groups that undergo various kinds of problems as well. For example those who are poor yet they work and those who are unemployed. Some of the problems these groups undergo are similar while others depend on their situations.

Similar Social, Political and Economic Problems faced by these Minority Groups
People from all these minorities, that is the working poor, the unemployed and those with disabilities face discrimination from both the public and the government and other institutions charged with the duty of catering for their needs. Most individuals do not want to be associated with members from these groups and therefore end up neglecting them and their needs which adds to their problems as they are left with no one to turn to most of the time. This amounts to social exclusion as they are not treated as part of the society. (Parent and Lewis, 8)

People from these groups are mostly left out of decision making processes starting from the lowest level to the highest. They are not well represented in those organs which are charged with the duty of making policies and therefore do not get to contribute to matters related to how their problems can be dealt with. Those who come up with policies affecting people from these groups more often than not are not aware of the problems they face and therefore end up making policies that are not of help to them. Even if these policies are viable their enforcement leaves a lot to be desired.

Members of these groups face financial difficulty as they income they earn if any is not enough to cater for their vast needs. Where they get government aid, it is always not enough because some of them have families the need to take care of. The fact that most of them are unemployed or earn meager incomes makes their living conditions difficult and at times unbearable. They are thus forced to live in homeless shelters or in streets.

Differences in problems experienced by these Minority Groups
Whereas it is true to say that the unemployed and those with disabilities are discriminated against, there are differences in the forms of discrimination and the origin of this discrimination. People with disabilities are mostly not employed because they cannot do as much work as those who are able bodied. They are also not accepted in some learning institutions as they will need more resources to ensure their needs are fully met and these institutions are not ready to pay extra for a few people.

The unemployed are discriminated against based on their financial or economic position in the society. They belong in the lower economic class and as such those from higher economic classes discriminate against them. (Eitzen et al, 568) For example most financial and banking institutions do not agree to lend them money to start businesses and the like because they do not have securities and as such are not credit worthy. This goes to show the existence of inequality in the society and the form it takes. (Eitzen et al)

Individual Model of Disability
This model portrays disability in a clinical way and focuses on the lack of mental and physical functioning of the individual. As such people with disability are seen as being in a tragic situation and as a result considered a burden to the family of the individual as well as the society. This model hinders those with disabilities from getting the opportunity to be integrated into the society as full participants as it focuses on the individuals disability and the physical and functional state of the individual as opposed to focusing on how solutions to the individuals problems ca be solved as they end up being those of the society. This is because many individuals form a group which in turn forms the society. If people continue to focus on the individual as the model suggests, then nothing much can be accomplished in terms of making the person a participating member of the society.

An adult shop or sex shop is a shop that offers sex toys, erotic lingerie, erotic books, and safe sex products. In most jurisdictions here in the United States, adult shops are legalized provided that it follow certain rules given by the government. Many of us, however, are open to these kinds of stores.

Before going to the store, I have an instant uneasiness just thinking myself visiting an adult shop. This maybe brought by the natural feeling which every man or woman feels each time they will do something for the first time. But generally speaking, I consider these kinds of stores as just merely pleasure-oriented stores. For me, adult stores are just like casinos and hotels that offer their services to give pleasure and entertainment to the customers.

I went with my best friend because he is the one I really trust. This also made me more comfortable giggling around the store without any hesitations. Apart from that, I also went with him for the purpose of just making both of us not ignorant of the products offered by the store.

During our visit to this shop, we noticed certain products offered by the store. Among these products are G-spot vibrators, clover clamp and the body heat oil.

The G-spot vibrator (Lelo Vibrators) that we saw measures about six inches. The range of prices varies from 110 to 180 dollars. The materials that composed the vibrator are combination of silicone gel and rubber. This G-spot vibrator is a phallus-like shape made for stimulating the female g-spot which is considered the most sensitive part of the vagina. The head of the G-spot vibrator is a little curve to be able to attain the purpose of satisfaction. The G-spot vibrator touches the female g-spot through its curve head which brings the vibrating sensation.

The clover clamp is mostly made of metal and used in pairs and is connected by a chain. This clover clamp is flat and about 10 cm by 5 cm in size. The main purpose of the clover clamp is to stimulate the nipples by applying changeable degrees of pressure. This kind of nipple clamp is used primarily by advanced users due to its very high pain level.

The body heat oil is oil from dead-sea minerals which provide a threefold pleasure experience to the couple and is suitable for use around the intimate organs. The three pleasures that this product provides are 1) the massage itself, 2) the sensation of warmth that is created when one of the partners blows on the area being massaged, and 3) pleasure of feeling or smelling the fruit fragrance.

I selected these products because of its independent use during sex encounters. After going to the store, I felt more relieved and excited. Eventually, my uneasiness changed mainly because we have finished the visit and that I survived it. Im more comfortable once I started looking around because of the curiousness and excitement it brings once your there.

The levels of poverty vary from community too community. This has been attributed to the demographic factors like the link between power and wealth, social structures and political will and stability among societies. A person living in poverty in the US is way far above one living in poverty in a developing nation. This is attributed to the considerable investment by the Federal Government in poverty reduction initiatives since 1963, when the war against poverty in the United States was launched. The initiative seeks to eliminate poverty through anti-poverty programs, such as financial assistance and provision of food, housing, and medical care among other services to the poor and low income earners in the American nation. The poor in America can thus be said to be living in relative poverty. Nevertheless, this initiative has been greatly compromised by the high number of low educated immigrants flooding the nation and benefiting from this initiative every year. In other words, poverty in America takes a race orientation with immigrants forming the majority. Women and the young are particular victims of this problem. Statistics show that over 50 percent of children from poor families lead a poverty stricken life.

On the other hand, the quality of life of a person living in poverty in a developing nation is worse. This is due to the generally high levels of poverty in these nations which limits the ability of their governments to invest in poverty reduction programs. This is further worsened by corruption and political and civil conflicts eminent in these nations, an element which leads to absolute poverty among the citizens. Therefore, such citizens are subject to relief aid, many times provided at the worst humanitarian state. Still, rampant poverty in developing nations can be attributed to the lack of support by the global community to these nations. Evidently, poor nations who are victims of civil conflict are prone to economic sanctions a factor which worsens the humanitarian crisis among its citizens. Just like in the US poverty in other nations is based on race especially among the minority communities. Given the eminent link between wealth and power in these nations, poverty is evidently hereditary with the feminine gender most affected (Eitzen et al 47). This is mainly due to gender based discrimination practices (or feminization of poverty) in the society.

Owing to the fact that poverty in America is caused by high rates of influx of low educated immigrants and capitalism, the best solution is to create the public awareness on the importance of education as well as ensuring high quality and affordable education to all members of the community. This move will enhance the chances of poor families to get well paying jobs thus realizing economic independence. For persons in developing nations, the absolute solution to the problem of poverty is the implementation of revolutionary policies which are non-discriminative. This call for having a strong political will in place as such will eliminate corruption while promoting equitable distribution of resources to all in the community. True socialism must be democratic, ensuring equality of access to opportunities for all (Eitzen 25). Through this, developing nations will enhance their internal and international relations and reduce civil conflicts a milestone to sustainable socio-economic development.

There are a number of challenges and ethical considerations about introducing family planning methods around the world. Family planning methods are subject to religious and cultural debates in the world. This is a compromise to their acceptability in the societies. Such could also be attributed to disparities in education, civilization, and public awareness across the global community. Capitalism and its concept of wealth and power is no doubt the main source of poverty persistence in the community. The reason for this is that it results in discriminative distribution of national resources always benefiting the political elite at the expense of the poor majority in the society (Eitzen et al 46).

The concept of bias of the system benefits is based on nativity, gender, age, race, and religion which are key cornerstones of persistence poverty in the society. In fact this is the reason why the poor are believed to pay more than the non-poor as they usually benefit less from their tax contributions to the governments (Eitzen et al 52-53).

There is a very close, negative but significant relationship between a countrys Gross National Product (GNP) and the population growth. Research findings indicate that nations with a high GNP have a low fertility rate as opposed to those with low GNP. The infant mortality rate and adult illiteracy rate is also high in nations with low per capita GNP. However, there is always a great risk for a sustainable economic development if a nation fails to replace its deaths with new births. Indeed, this is why many nations have adopted a two child per couple family planning policies. According to the existing statistics, poverty is mainly attributed to high birth rates, which limit the economic potential of providing quality education and lifestyle to children, thus breeding a culture of poverty in the society.

Lastly, the problem of a poor immigration policy in America is the major reason behind its inability to determine exact figures on the number of poor people. This is so, because both illegal and legal immigrants form the majority population living in poverty. Illegal immigration is increasingly becoming a problem in the US. Due to their illegal status some immigrants never participate in the anti-poverty programs and are therefore not documented.