Sociology

Programs are instituted essentially to address specific societal problems. They therefore aim at achieving certain goals that transcend the societal sphere. Programs are larger than projects as they combine different projects that result in the attainment of a common goal. This paper seeks to analyze an Aging and Adults Services Medicaid program to find out if its design meets specific program evaluation standards.
An Overview of the Medicaid Program
    The goal for Medicaid Program is to provide payment for some medical costs for certain individuals who are older, have low income and limited assets or are disabled. The program is institutionalized by the State Department of Health. The eligibility conditions for participating in this program as recipients are that one should be a permanent resident of United States applicants may be persons receiving Supplemental Security Income they may be receiving temporary financial services under the Family Employment Program are over sixty five years of age are blind or physically disabled or are below eighteen years old.
    It further states the enrollment procedure where one has too fill an application form as well as attend an interview and provide documents related to proof of age and citizenship, trusts, income, liquid assets and medical expenses. The applicant then receives a brochure detailing their rights and responsibilities and awaits notification of qualification after a period of 30days or 90 days if disabled. A denial notice is issued to those who do not qualify stating the reason for denial. This section further provides detailed information on third party liability, the selection of a health care provider, requirements for coordinating Medicare benefits with Medicaid.
    Financial eligibility requirements for this program include asset standards, income standards, spend down obligation and buy out. Finally, the benefits accruing from this program include the extent of coverage of the program, mandatory services available to all Medicaid recipients such as inpatient and out patient hospital services, family planning services, physician services as well as optional services.
    Program evaluation is necessary in institutions and organizations as it assesses the viability of the program in terms of its usefulness to constituents. It refers to a process of collecting information carefully on or about a program so as to make important decisions about it. Mohammad (1999) recognizes it as a systematic appraisal of the operations and outcomes of a program compared to implicit or explicit values as a means of contributing to the improvement of a program or project. At a glance, it may be looked at as a wastage of time and resources that could otherwise be diverted for other uses. However, it is important to note that program evaluation is necessary at all stages of a program from conceptualization to final implementation and continuation of the program. Program evaluation may take several approaches from needs assessment, cost benefit analysis, goal based, process based to outcomes. The choice of a specific approach depends on what is essential to the individual or group.
    The key considerations for any evaluation process as discussed by Mohammad (1999) include the purpose of the evaluation, recipients for the evaluation results, a deep insight of the program or its constituent that is the focal point for evaluation, sources of  information and mechanisms to institute to collect the information.
  In order to evaluate the Medicaid program effectively, the process based approach is adapted. Process-based evaluations are intended to help organizations understand the processes required in implementing a program. This kind of evaluation determines how a program produces the outcomes that it does. Process evaluations are most useful in analyzing the efficiency of processes in long-standing programs.
 To obtain a thorough insight of this evaluation process the following questions are answered using information from the program
What forms the basis of the need for products or services provided by the program
    The main basis of the need to provide the Medicaid service lies in its initial goal. The Medicaid program is committed to availing a wide range of relevant information to beneficiaries to ensure that they make informed decisions on health insurance. The target population for this program is old aged individuals with low incomes, limited assets or disabled persons. This target population is mainly composed of vulnerable persons.
What are the contents of the program
This program describes extensively the eligibility of beneficiaries which includes but is not limited to the old as well as individuals with financial needs the enrollment procedure which includes the application procedure, third party liability, the selection of a healthcare provider, coordinating efforts between Medicare and Medicaid benefits requirements on financial eligibility and the benefits accruing from this program.
How are customers incorporated into the program
    Customers are required to fill up application forms obtained from the Bureau of Eligibility Services offices. The information in these forms needs to be backed by necessary proofs. They then go through an interview where they are asked to provide documents of trusts, assets accruing to them other than their homesteads, age and citizenship, health and life insurance policies, their income, medical expenses they have incurred for example, health insurance premiums. The applicants then receive brochures explaining their rights and responsibilities notice of approval or denial is then sent to the applicant within thirty days or ninety days for the case of the disabled.
What are the qualifications of clients to the program
For clients or customers to qualify for such a program, they should be citizens or permanent inhabitants of the United States. Be persons presently receiving Supplemental Security Income, (SSI) that is are elderly, blind andor disabled. Be persons currently receiving provisional financial services under the Family Employment Program, (FEP).Are residing in a skilled nursing facility, are under eighteen years or are adults caring for children below eighteen years.
What are the benefits of the program to the recipients
Medicaid covers the expenses of most medically necessary services. It can allow health insurance premiums as a deduction and pay the Medicare premium. In addition, medically essential services for children are covered. For qualified individuals, Medicaid covers medical bills even when the services were provided before an application was submitted to Medicaid. It is therefore retrospective in nature.
Once in the program, recipients are legible for mandatory services such  asInpatient and Outpatient hospital services, laboratory and X-ray services, skilled Nursing Facility care for adults, home health care services, physician related services, rural health clinic services, family planning services amongst others. Optional Services such as clinic services, hearing aids, artificial limbs, personal care, hospice care, cost of Medicare premiums, and transport to medical services, dental care, eyeglasses, and vision screening are provided at the discretion of the state.
On what basis do employees decide that the service is no longer needed
The service may be terminated on grounds of little or no impact even after substantial years of service provision. Secondly, if the intended goal of the program is achieved, the program can be successfully withdrawn. As for the case of the Medicaid Program, the recipients are from different backgrounds with diverse needs that require complex solutions. Stopping the program would therefore result in further deepening the problems of these individuals.
To summarize the above, program evaluation, when conducted regularly, can improve to a great extent the management and efficacy of organizations and its programs. To do so requires a proper understanding of the differences between monitoring and evaluation, making evaluation a central component of regular program development and implementation, and collecting a wide range of information needed by managers at functional levels of the organization. The process incorporates specific procedures that fabricate desired outcomes to ensure that specific targets are met. It also ensures that relevant stakeholders obtain viable information of the status quo of the running program so as to brainstorm on ways of improving service delivery at low costs.
The driving force for the continuation of this program is first, to increase the number of beneficiaries of the program and secondly, to ensure that provision of services is efficient. For this to take place effectively, the program should be flexible to meet diverse requirements of the ever increasing populations of people with similar and recognizable needs and take into consideration the employment of competent personnel to foresee the efficiency of service delivery. 

Credit card debts forms one of the most distressing issues to the students and the society in that it culminates to great losses to companies and penalties to the credit card holders. Particularly, it is a clear negative implication of managing the resources at different levels. The increasing rates of credit card usage among the college students have equally resulted to heightening of the credit card debt.  As the problem continues to intensify among the students in different colleges, the demand to effectively understand the problem and its causes as the core framework towards addressing it is very critical. Therefore, this paper explores the key causes of the problem among the students, the consequences resulting from the same, and the solutions that can be employed towards addressing the same problem.   
b) Background of the problem and key statistics of the problem  
    Notably, the demand for furthering education among the young people resulted to establishment of support funds for them. Indeed, as Leila, indicates, the administration sees the support for young people being very critical as a mechanism to maintaining high levels of literacy and securing the nations future. According to Sallie Mae (2), about US  180 billion is available for students in the country. Sallie Mae (3) further indicates that by the year 2004, about 84 of the total number of students, which represented an increase with 8 from the previous year, had at least one credit card. Notably, about 21 of the total undergraduates had a mean balance ranging between US  7,000 and 3,000 (Sallie Mae 3). According to the data collected by Sallie Mae (5), the average amount of debt that undergraduates increased drastically from the year 2004 with about 46 to reach US  3,173 in the year 2008. Besides, the senior students also have higher levels of credit card debts compared to the freshmen. One major question that has gone unanswered is why indeed the problem is highly prevalent among the students in the nation.
c) Causes of credit card debts
    According to Dicker, a credit card debt is largely caused by the behavior assimilated by the credited card issues in the nation. Notably, as Dicker continues to say, due to the open and poorly regulated mechanism of regulating the card issue, competition from the different issuers is indeed resulting to be very harmful. Particularly, the periods of economic sluggishness sees the colleges being a major target. Therefore, to the issuers, the students form key consumer base with massive potential to promote their businesses. As indicated earlier over US  180 billion is held by the students every year (Salle Mae 2). In addition, various companies are always providing key promotions to encourage the students spend the little they have without providing them with the necessary advise on how to manage the credit in them.
    In addition there are poor legislations that governance of credit card operations in the nation. Indeed as Silver-Greenberg and Dicker concur, the government has failed to establish the correct mechanists that can regulate the mechanisms of credit card usage and the actual behavior of the credit companies for the different systems of management in the country.  While indeed several bill are awaiting passage in the in the house, none of them have been passed into law. Therefore, as the credit card companies continue pursuing the students to make the different purchases, analysts have indicated the need for key concerns in the management.
    It has frequently been argued that students lack the necessary skills to manage their credit cards credits. Indeed as Greenberg reports, majority of the freshmen usually experience their first credit cards when they get to colleges. However, even those that have had the credit cards before, they lack adequate skills to mange limited resources.  Through a large number of students indeed handle their credit cards well there is great deficiency of education on credit cards use among them.
    As indicated by Leila, most of the students rely on the credit provided by the government to make their end meet. However, it is no doubt that the resources available for their disposal are highly limited against a myriad of expenditures they have to make in their studies. Jonathan reports that the credit provided to the students of about US  is divided into major expenses such as fees, commuting costs, textbooks expenses, tuition, room and board, computer related costs and other costs incurred by the students. As a result, it is critical that effective planning education is provided for effective preferential budgeting. 
d) Consequences  
    Notably, the implications of Credit card debts are very immense to students, the credit card companies, and even the education system. To begin with, the students usually get themselves broke and cannot afford key student supportive items. Therefore, they are forced to pursue the remaining part of the education session with insufficient services that has extended implications. In most of the cases, they are disturbed psychologically as they lack the necessary tools for their education. This becomes critical especially when others have the facilities they lack. Indeed, Regina (85-86) indicates that it turns into a major psychological concern and culminates to stresses which if not treated effectively can lead to depression. On a long term consideration, the students with high credit card credit are debts are bound to record low grades in the country. Despite the key miseries affecting the students, they are also fined heavily by the credit companies which are deducted upon the next loading of the credit cards (Jill).
    Though the credit companies have a key niche to male major profits form the students, delayed payments are indeed a source of losses to them.  Dicker indicates that following the key implications that credit companies are getting from delayed payments, some of them are contemplating changing their strategies of dealing with the students debts. Dicker further reports that it is indeed dawning to them that there need for cooperation to with the education institutions to address the problem by providing the necessary information to them. 
    Nationally, credit card debts are an indication of problems and disasters. Once college students have gone bankrupt, they easily get into bad peers where drugs abuse and alcoholism becomes the order of the day. Therefore, major problems related to violence, theft, and other societal la-adaptive behaviors are common to them. Failure to address this problem effectively has been projected to have possible key negative long term implications to the country (Regina, 51-52).
e) Addressing the problems of the credit card debts 
    As indicated earlier, addressing the problem of the rampant credit card problem in the country is very crucial to the young people in the colleges, the education system, the credit card companies and the nation as a whole. One of the most advocated methods for addressing the problem is educating the students on the best methods of managing their credit cards. As indicated earlier, the main cause of credit card debts is poor knowledge of how to manage credit by the students. All the credit card companies should assimilate the crucial role of educating their students on the best mechanisms of using credit cards (Jill)
    It is critical that the government employs key policies that can help to address the problem in the country. Particularly, it is critical that the behaviors of the credit card companies are addressed to facilitate effective non exploitative relationship between them and students. Under this consideration, the credit card companies should be made responsible for periodic effective credit card info I relation to their policies and possible changes.
    Regina (45-46) indicates that cooperation between the credit card companies, colleges, and the government should be improved to formulate clearer understanding and problems solution related to the students credit card mannerism. It is particularly crucial that the amount of credit provided for the students is adjusted upwards to reflect the changes in the economic progression of the nation and globally too.
     It is from the above discussion that this paper concludes by supporting the thesis statement, credit card debts form one of the most distressing issues to the students and the society in that it culminates to great losses to companies and penalties to the credit card holders. It came out clearly that credit card debt have strongly entrenched itself strongly to all the students in the nation. Besides, the implications are equally highly profound and projected to all the people. It is therefore of critical importance key solutions are assimilated with speed to facilitate a better learning environment and a future for the nation.

The movement of professionals from their native countries to other countries in search of better living standards is referred to as brain drain. Professionals migrate in search of various aspects such as improved technology, higher salaries, quality life amongst other favorable conditions. The prevailing political states in ones country may contribute to migration in search of places with political stability. Political instability affects development since the environment is unfavorable. The migration of professionals from developing countries to other countries and even to international countries is of major concern since it has posed major impacts to the developing countries. Most of the professionals in various disciplines such as engineering and medicine look for better opportunities in developed countries (Pang, Lansang, Haines, 2002). This is very detrimental to the developing countries which are left hopeless after snatching away the qualified personnel who could have fostered development. It is unethical for talented people to move from developing countries to developed countries. These talents should be invested in developing their countries.
    The migration of skilled human resources is normally influenced by trade and education. Education qualifications render one fit to work in any country with less difficulties. Professionals are required all over the world. Having this in mind, migration of professionals from developing countries to developed countries takes place. The parameters which contribute to this migration are political instability in native countries, higher salaries, quality life calling for improved living standards and improved technology (Mejia, 1999). Developing countries invest a lot in education their young people who end up migrating to other countries in search of greener pastures. This leads to big losses in these countries while the recipient countries are advantaged. The recipient countries normally enjoy since they did not participate in funding the education of the immigrants.
    Intellectuals migrate from their own countries because of various driving forces which be attributed by political reasons or economic reasons. Security is very crucial in oneself. Security threat to ones family may lead to migration in search of secure environment for ones family. Unemployment and low salaries may also make one migrate. Job satisfaction is all an intellectual requires of which its lack might lead to migration. Looking for higher living standards also leads to migration of people from their own countries. There have been high numbers of immigrants in those countries which offer these favorable conditions.  Professionals emigrants have been highly attracted in developed where they offer higher salaries, have higher living standards, offer quality life, and have advanced technology (Bach, 2003). These immigrants make substantial contributions to the host countries. These contributions are directed towards economic development, scientific and technological advancement. This advancement is for the betterment of humanity.
There have been various professionals who migrated to other countries creating much impact. For instance, the German scientists who migrated to America during the Second World War had much impact in United States. These scientists made various inventions and discoveries which were of great importance to United States. Thus based on global level, migration of qualified personnel is of great importance since it brings about interaction probing for injections and discoveries (Levy, 2003). This is not the case for home countries who bare many losses. These home countries become less developed and also the level of investment goes down.
    Western Europe was the main contributor of qualified personnel who migrated to United States in such of higher living standards. This was witnessed up to around 1960 when the main loser of intellectuals was drifted to developing countries. Developing countries has taken over as the main suppliers of professionals to developed countries. This has been the case for the recent few years in which there has been rampant movement of qualified people from developing countries to the industrialized countries (Kupfer, et al, 2004). The number of skilled expatriates from developing countries to developed countries has risen to around three million. These qualified expatriates have been settled in industrialized countries such as Japan, United States, Japan, Western Europe and Canada. These expatriates have rendered much contribution in the host countries and mostly in the educational system. They have also been settled in the research where have rendered much contributions.
The disparities between the poor countries and rich nations have been contributed to some by this migration. These disparities occurs since the Home Counties are deprived their qualified personnel who could have brought forth development. Thus the expatriates are highly required in the developing countries but not in the developed countries to remove the existing disparity.
    Some continents such as Africa have shortage of manpower. Having short of manpower Africa has been highly hit by brain draining which has led to lose of qualified personnel. Africa has lost many professionals in various disciplines such as medicine and engineering. This has been a set back to develop since there are no intellectuals to support and direct development projects. Inventions have been minimal in minimal since most of the skilled persons have moved to developed countries where they are involved in research. Africa has lost over 300 000 qualified personnel in form of engineers, lecturers, surveyors, doctors and skilled expatriates in other fields (Levy, 2003). This number has gone in the recent few years due to the migration of qualified persons in search of higher living standards.
    There have been high numbers of migration which have reported leaving behind many loopholes. For instance, a high number of doctors amounting to around 30 000 have moved from Nigeria to practice in the United States. This number is too high noting that in a country the number of qualified doctors may not reach this number. There has been   a setback in the Nigeria health system due to this migration. It has been reporting that Nigeria health system lacks medical practitioners. There are also other Nigeria doctors serving elsewhere in the world. Ghana has also been spotted as having lost a large number of doctors of where trained in that county. Sudan is also amongst the highest countries by migration of professionals. Human development report there has been rampant movement of qualified people from Sudan to other countries. They migrated to work in abroad as lecturers, doctors, surveyors, dentists and even as engineers.
    The development in developing countries has been affected by movement of qualified expatriates to other countries. The living cost of professionals in the host country is minimal compared to whatever they are giving in exchange. The living cost may be in terms of nutrition, education, health care. It is clear that developing countries are losing professionals to industrialized nations. Imagine losing 500 qualified engineers at once from a country. This deprives the country an opportunity to set up engineering projects. Investment in these fields is also affected since there is no one to support and manage them.
    There have been records indicating the amount of contributions the migrants are making to host countries. It has been reported that every skilled migrant from the developing countries contributed up to 25 000 yearly in 1972. This report which was compiled by United States Congressional Research service showed that the skilled migrants were very beneficial to United States since they were in a position to cater for their living cost and bring forth some revenues to the government (Martin, Torouanne, Neher, 1998). Relating these annual revenues to the number of qualified personnel who moved to abroad, it can be ascertained that Africa lost investment equating to around  3 billion between 1985 and 1990. The number of emigrated people to abroad could helped the continent to invest more than 3 billion towards development. Recent statistics indicate that those qualified personnel aged between 25 and 35 contributed to  185 000 annually to the host countries. These statistics indicate the much developing is being affected by brain draining while the recipient stands at the benefiting end.
    The professionals who have migrated to other countries contribute to their home countries by giving out remittances to their relatives which are used in putting up some small projects. Some of these remittances are used to support some developmental projects, education, and health care. These remittances are used by some household for sustenance. Money which is received overseas from abroad has being used to facilitate various projects. Most of the development project within Africa has been supported by remittances (Ratha, 2003). Although, there have been some contributions from the skilled expatriate who migrated to other countries, the loss which have brought about as a result of brain drain in developing countries is extensive.
    The international community has been highly concerned by the problem posed as a result of brain drain. It has been a dilemma to solve this problem since there are qualified people who are willing to might from their own countries to other countries. At the same time, the host countries are willing to receive more qualified personnel to work in their country. This brings about crossroads. Brain drain is an issue which can not be solved by enacting a law neither through the use of force. Brain drain is normally attached to human rights which advocates for freedom of movement anywhere in the world. Although this can be controlled through immigration policies formulated in any country, brain drain is still a problem.
Brain drain is a national matter which can be addressed at national level by soothing people to stay in their own countries. This can only be achieved by providing the favorable conditions available in the host countries such as high salaries, quality life, higher living standards and political stability. The assurance of family security is also an area of concern to curb brain drain. Liberal immigration policies can also be put in place by host countries. These policies which have been used in United States and some parts of Europe regulate the number of immigration in the industrialized countries (Mejia, 1999). These policies which are normally restrictive towards immigration have not been fully followed since there are thousands of immigrants in these host countries. Liberalization of labor market can help solve the problem of brain drain.
    There are various reasons which have contributed to brain drain in Africa which can be addressed. These reasons which are either political or structural can highlighted and dealt with. The structuring of the school curriculum has been seen as one of the reasons which have contributed to brain drain. Most of the countries follow the curricula which resemble the one of their colonial masters. Most of the education system in African countries use the system applied by their colonial masters. Africa is known to lag behind in technology and economy and thus bringing forth a school curriculum applicable in industrialized countries may be detrimental and of no help. A school curriculum should be designed to take care of the prevailing conditions in a country both technologically and economically.
Therefore, adapting a curriculum followed in industrialized creates a vacuum in the job market. This has led to migration of professional to industrialized countries where they can fit comfortably. It true that the education system is not equipped to tackle the development needs in Africa. The education system in Africa is mostly based on arts due to lack of relevant teachers in science and also the lack of science equipment. This is disadvantageous to Africa science and technology is the driving force for economic growth and development. The art system is a barrier to development since technical skills are not obtained thus pupils end been less contributive to Africans development (Bach, 2003). This has led to excess production of graduates in fields where less job opportunities are available. The overproduction of graduates and with less employment opportunities has contributed to migration to other countries. There is no accommodating environment for scientists to apply whatever they have covered. Lack of accommodative environment, has also led to migration of scientists to other countries with favorable conditions in terms of higher salaries and advanced technology.
    The most contributing factors for brain drain are the political instability and the poor economic growth. The poor economic growth has been contributed by the structural measures which have been set. The poor rates of economic growth have led to poor living standards. Political instability has been witnessed in Africa causes disturbances to development. The most hit countries by political instability in Africa include Somalia, Zaire, Sierra Leone. There are many professionals who have gone exile to other countries due to security threat. The professionals who have remained in their own countries end up taking participation in fields which are distanced from their profession such as setting up business. This leads to many losses in terms of investments.
    Some nation in Africa and mostly those in Sub Sahara have large numbers of Graduates who are unemployed or who have emigrated in search of higher living standards.  Surprisingly these countries have larges numbers of graduate foreigners who have come to offer technical assistance. Africa has been reported as the continent which gets much advice mostly technical compared to other continents. In conclusion, brain drain is an issue which involves migration of professionals in search of higher living standard, political stability, quality life, higher salaries and advanced technology (Narasimhan, et al, 2004). Home countries end up losing professionals which hinders development and investment. The host countries benefit a lot since they get the required knowledge for development. Brain drain is a problem which brings dilemma in the international community. Developing countries have been highly affected by brain drain due to various reasons such as school curricula, poor economic growth and political instability.

Ethics are the social norms or values of the society. It refers to what is morally right . In reference to medicine, however, ethics in allocation of scarce resources has raised big problems especially in the current times of organ transplant and expensive technical procedures. This is because the transplant and the procedures are rather expensive and not every citizen can easily afford it. It has thus, tended to be associated with social worth whereby, those people who are wealthy access the scarce resources fast because they have money to buy it. On the contrary, the poor remain disadvantaged since they do not have the cash to pay fast for the health care.
    In the case of Mr. Krampitz who received a liver transplant through a short procedure whilst there were people who needed the same, is unethical. This is due to his using the ability to advertise so as to appeal to pity from many people and hence get a donor. What about those people who do not have the ability to advertise Data shows that there were 17,000 people who needed liver transplant. To make the issue more unethical is the fact that he was not critically ill as compared to other people who were waiting for the same health attention. Krampitz should have adhered to the United Network for organ sharing waiting list to be referred to as ethical.
    Issues concerning life and death are rather sensitive. Every individual wants to live no matter the age. Thus one would do anything to be given back life in a matter of death. Krampitzs family and himself had the fear of death and wanted to save his life. They were self-centered and never really care of what other people with the same problem and their families felt. The Kantian theory on medical ethics critique the use of social worth factor to favor one patient over another in allocating of scarce resources. Kantian ethics argue that individuals should never be treated merely as a means to an end. In giving priority to those who have more social worth, they are reduced to merely a means of achieving the most possible social good but not as human beings with other intrinsic values that goes beyond their ability to contribute to the society. To curb the same from happening in future, there are things that should be put in place.
     The country as a whole led by the government should come with a rule that all transplants should be done in a public hospital and no person should donate a liver directly to an individual but rather to a health institution. Here it will be easy for the medical practitioner to decide who to be given the transplant in reference to how long they have been waiting and how critical the transplant is. It would also be difficult for selfish individuals to cut line and receive a transplant since everybody wants hiher life saved. Those people who are economically unstable will thus receive justice because they cannot afford money to advertise for quick transplants. Any medical practitioner who will get involved in transplants that are not on the named list should be able to face charges for breaking the law . It is easy to implement this since there exist already a United Network for organ sharing. All it needs to do, with the help of the government is to set rules and regulations governing it.
    The public should also be inspired to donate organs needed. The advertisement should be public like the one on blood donations and this will help the health practitioner meet their needs of these organs.
    In summary, for distributive justice when allocating scarce resources, the aspects of social worth should be stamped out . This will enable all people regardless of their social backgrounds, be attended to fairly.

According to Feinstein (1996) correlation is a statistical analysis which is used to measure a linear relationship that exists between two variables. Correlation coefficients are the values for correlation. These correlation coefficients are usually represented by the letter r. The possible values of r range between -1.0 and 1.0. A negative relationship between variables is represented by numbers that are less than zero while a positive relationship between variables is represented by numbers that are greater than zero. The value of r is thought of almost like a percentage.
Appendix 1 shows an output from a correlation engine which shows how one can use correlation for a customer or employee satisfaction analysis. Any Likert rating scale system item can be chosen (for example five-point rating) from an analysis and all the statistically considerable correlations viewed with the viewed item.
While using a correlation engine, the following will be observed at the bottom of the page
Correlations(r) considerable at p  0.05. This is a traditional indication of the possibility that the correlations observed are an outcome of chance. For this case this probability (p) is set in a manner that the threshold should not be more than 5 percent. There is not more than a 0.05 possibility that the correlations which are listed are as an outcome of chance.Whenever the correlations are viewed, it is very vital to be keen with the p-level. One does not need a more understanding than the one explained here. One is only required to know that p  0.05 is the most used threshold standard for statistical importance.
The n column on the appendix represents the number in total for all respondents. This is very vital for statistical importance because when one has a big value of n, then a smaller correlation is still very significant statistically. On the other hand when one has a small value of n, then heshe requires a much bigger correlation for statistical importance. When two sets of correlations contain very dissimilar number of respondents are being looked at, one cannot contrast the coefficients of correlation to one another from each list. One requires observing each list on its own and coming to conclusions of each list independently.
In the appendix 1 example, there is closeness between the correlations i.e. the range from one correlation to the other is small. In the example below (Appendix 2), the ranges between subsequent correlations are much bigger. When a couple of things at the top have much higher correlation coefficients (r) as compared to the others, then followed by a large drop in r for the items to follow, attention should be focused more on those items at the top.
According to Schafer (1997), if there are a number of items that are close to each other, one should still begin at the top of the list. One should then give more equitable credence to those items that come next after the items at the top. A natural cut-off-point is usually somewhere where there is a big drop in r on the list. This idea should be used by the analyst as a logical point for analysis limitation.
Considering the example in appendix 2, there is a gap which is large after the first item. Therefore a conclusion can be drawn that competence is the first factor which determines the satisfaction of the individuals by their supervisor. The second and third items might also be looked at because they are too strong correlations that provide additional information which is useful. In a matter of fact, there would be need for considering all the items down to the biggest change in r where it falls from 0.58 to 0.51.
Correlation is commonly used in many analyses to find out matters most among individuals by correlating items of analysis with some measure of satisfaction in overall. As it can be seen from the above examples, this is method that can be used safely free of any worry of the technical stuff .

The noise is filtered out and only those correlations that are statistically significant are shown. What is important is that one should always begin with the top items on the list to identify what matters most. High negative correlations at the bottom of the list should also be looked at as they give an indication of the converse relationship between the items.
Multivariate analysis
This analysis is based on a principle of statistics known as multivariate statistics. This involves observing and analyzing many statistical variables simultaneously. The technique is used in design and analysis to carry out studies of trade across many dimensions and at the same time noting the effects of all variables on interest responses. This area of statistical analysis is among the most productive areas of important achievements for the past few decades.
Multivariate analysis can be used to design that is capability based inverse design in which all variables are considered independent alternatives survey  the concepts selection to fulfill the need of a customer analyze the concepts according to changing situations and identify significant design drivers as well as levels of hierarchy.
Multivariate analysis becomes complicated when used together with physics-based analysis. This combination is used to estimate the impact of hierarchical systems-of-systems variables. Studies that frequently make use of multivariate analysis are caught up by the complication of the problem. These problems are usually dealt with by use of surrogate models. These are high accurate estimates of the code that is physics-based .
These surrogate models are evaluated more easily because they use equations.
This enables large-scale MVA learning. Doing a Monte Carlo simulation in design space is usually hard while using physics- based codes but it usually becomes easier by use of surrogate model.

Medical futility refers to a medical approach where physicians reach to a conclusion that a certain medical treatment that has been administered upon a patient is not of any use to them as it does not help the condition of the patient. For example, a treatment that keeps a patient on permanent condition of unconsciousness or makes a patient depend entirely on intensive care unit can be declared as useless or futile. However the whole contentious of medical futility has proven to be contentious over the years with the main question being, whether it is the prerogative of physicians to declare a treatment futile or whether members of the family of the patient ought to be involved.
Medical futility is classified into two major categories which include quantitative futility and qualitative futility. In quantitative futility the kind of medical treatment given to a patient is seen not to offer any kind of benefit to the patient. Qualitative futility is where it is argued that the kind of benefit that a medical treatment offered to the patient will not make any significant difference as a far as the condition of the patient is concerned.
Whenever physicians realize that a medical treatment is futile they have ethical obligations which they are required to live up to. There is an ethical requirement that physicians should allow patient to choose the mode of treatment that wish to have administered on them. However physicians are supposed to advice patients to chose a method which they (physicians know shall be of benefit to the patients.
The authority to decide whether a particular treatment is futile or not lies with the whole medical fraternity and not an individual physician. Thus in deciding whether a treatment is futile the decision made must confirm to the professional standards of the medical fraternity.
In some cases despite the decision of the physician to declare a treatment futile, family members of the patient may insists that the physician carries on with the treatment. The physician in this case has an ethical obligation to communicate openly with family members of the patient while explaining the rationale for declaring the treatment as futile. In some cases in order to prevent the family members from getting distressed it may be important for the physician to continue temporarily with the futile treatment to enable the family come to terms with the decision. During this period the physician must show great understanding with a lot of compassion required towards the family.
Making a decision on futility of a particular treatment requires concrete medical evidence. If no empirical evidence is available to prove that a medical treatment is futile then this is referred to as experimental. It is important for physicians to observe all the ethical codes that govern declaration of a treatment being futile to ensure that the life of patient is not put to danger and the family members are not left in distress.
In conclusion therefore when physicians are making a decision regarding futile treatment family members must always be brought into the picture and they should be made to understand the reason why such a crucial decision has been made on their patient.

The experiences of minorities who have migrated voluntarily to the U.S. compared to those who were incorporated to the U.S. society involuntarily
    Some researchers have developed various theories about the different experiences of minorities who migrated to the U.S. voluntarily and those who did not. Those who migrated out of their own free will seem to do better in school while this is not the case with those who were shipped to America unwillingly. Though Culture Shock is part of the reason for this discrepancy, it is not really the only reason. According to Ogbu (1990), those who migrate to the U.S. out of free are basically interested in changing their lives whereas the others who came due to political factors or were brought in as slaves do not readily accept the new life as they did not choose it.
    According to Katz (2003) she writes that those who voluntarily migrated and those who were taken to the U.S. against their will have different interpretations of their status. This stems from the past histories and how those groups came to be in America. The voluntary minority group looks at their experiences of discrimination as a phase they have to go through and since they are aliens out of free will they are therefore not as bitter as the involuntarily minority group and they do they hold resentment. They have their own identities but do not oppose the other identities as they recognize they are the aliens. They identify with the cultures of their countries of origin but are able also to accommodate the experiences of their country of residence.
    For the involuntary immigrants they view the social system with a lot of suspicion and resentment and most in the earlier days were not hopeful of the future. For the involuntary minority group members, they see all their experiences of discrimination as a permanent way of living as a lower class and they end up distrusting the whites Americans even more and it makes them very rebellious. In forging their identities, their main influence is opposing the White Americans. Thus being Black in the U.S. simply means the individual is not White thus opposing everything White or perceived to be White.
    For those involuntary minority groups in America, their experiences are therefore expressed in ways which seem to stem out of anger and resentment and as they do not do well in school most end up not doing well even in life and some turn to crime. While the voluntary minorities go on to become executives and make a life in the U.S. because they look at the lives of  those in their countries of origin are leading and are thus motivate to do better as most are suffering in poverty.
    Thus the experiences of these two groups are very different and so are their interpretations of the situation and circumstances. There have been several racially influenced incidents in America whereby the reaction of both types of minority goes to show that the two groups take on experiences is very different. Where as the involuntary minorities react in anger and engage in destructive behavior the voluntary minorities are more civil and accommodating. 
Do assimilation theories apply equally to both types of minority
    Assimilation theories do not apply equally to both types of minority. The involuntary minorities seem to believe they cannot fit into the new culture thus do not accept it all. The voluntary minorities on the other hand believe if they overcome the cultural barriers learn the new language then they will eventually be completely accepted by the dominating group. They believe that the discrimination is temporary while their counterparts believe all those negative experiences are permanent (Katz 2003).
   
If not what theories explain the experience of either or both
    One of the theories proposed and explored by Vermeulen,  Perlmann (2000) and by Ogbu (1991) for the involuntary minorities is the Ambivalent folk Theory which simply explores the negative attitude this type of minority has towards the dormant group. Though they know the importance of education their experiences have made most of them reject these necessary needs subconsciously and they thus wonder why they should invest in a good education yet the dominant group is not ready to give them a chance as they are discriminated upon in their salaries, passed over in job promotions even if they have the same qualifications with the white folks.
    According to Harris  Pollock (2001) a theory that best describes the voluntary minority is the positive dual frame work where they see the U.S. as the place offering a better chance of succeeding in life than back in their home countries despite having fond memories about their home countries.  This view is not shared by the involuntary minorities since they look at America as a place where they have no chance of making it at all as they are discriminated upon.
Despite the racial inequalities, is Affirmative Action Necessary
    Though Affirmative Action has been misconstrued and now some people are advocating for other ways of dealing with racism it is still a very instrumental tool of dealing with racial inequalities. Therefore it is still very necessary to have Affirmative Action. This is because some people might be locked out of jobs they qualify for and in essence all the minority groups undergo these experiences of being discriminated against all the time. Racial inequality is so rampant that in some cases the White Americans will even move from their houses and go buy and settle elsewhere simply because a person from a minority group has bought a house in their former neighborhood. Through Affirmative Action it is now becoming possible for people to purchase houses wherever they deem fit regardless of their race (Gurin 2004)
Other policy options equally or better suited for dealing with racial inequality
     Some people believe that Affirmative Action has not addressed the foundation of racial inequality and unless the policies advanced get to the root of the problem then it is not possible to rid America of racism. Other programs proposed that would benefit minority groups are to do with class. Thus addressing peoples issues depending on their social classes will reach more people from these minority groups.