Sociology

Two evolutionary studies, namely The Communist Manifesto and The Origin of the Species were made by two prominent people, Karl Marx and Charles Darwin, respectively. Needless to say, these two people had influenced many studies of philosophy and political science, or perhaps the whole realm of social sciences. There are many points of intersection between Marx and Darwin. By way of enumeration

Both presented an evolutionary theory of man, one is biological, another is social.
The direction of their theories present a positive teleology.
Both used materialist analysis in their study of man.
Both believe in the dynamics of contradictions, binaries, and synthesis that would usher in a qualitative change.

Both presented an evolutionary theory of man.
Marx prides himself with being the Darwin of the social sciences. While Darwin outlined the dynamics and main forces in the biological evolution of man or homonization. Marx outlined the dynamics and main forces in the social evolution of man or humanization.

The Manifesto that Karl Marx created is a policy that outlines the impending rule of the many over the few. As such it is stated that, the Communist Manifesto had as its object the proclamation of the inevitably impending dissolution of modern bourgeois property (Marx  Engels, 2002, p.6). This outline started from a vision or a preamble, followed by three sub-sections, first is the bourgeois and proletarians, then down to the proletarians and communists, to the socialist and communist literature, and as the concluding part, the position of the communists in relation to the various existing opposition parties. From the outline, which turned out to be an evolution of the relation of the people in the society, developed as if Karl Marx had organized a pattern that will describe how a revolution will come up to its success.

While Charles Darwin, after his ample time of navigation, later found out and was struck by certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent (Darwin, n.d.). Due to what he had observed, he had concluded and implored upon the origin of species, in which he had hypothesized their creation. Likewise he had visualized, from a naturalist perspective, how living organisms evolved in to something different from its original stance. However he had also inferred that in the theory of evolution there were factors that would result either to extinction or survival. The evolution is dependent upon the patterns of nature.

The direction of their theories present a positive teleology
Both Marx and Darwin believed that there is a positive direction towards the good. Even though they both speak of the randomness of chance and the compelling force of necessity regardless of individual subjective will, the direction of change is all going towards the good. The ultimate end of Darwin in biological evolution is the homo sapiens sapiens while the ultimate end of Marx in social evolution is the communist society. Both ends are qualitatively higher than their previous forms.
Both used materialist analysis in their study of man.

Both Marx and Darwin used purely materialist factors in their analysis. Darwin used adaptation, natural selection, and survival of the fittest amidst the random chances of this world to describe the ascent of the homo sapiens sapiens. Marx used the principle of the necessity of labor, the objective laws of class struggle, and the material mode of economic production determining the superstructurality of society.

Both believe in the dynamics of contradictions, binaries, and synthesis that would usher in a qualitative change.

Both presented binary relationships or kinds of variations. In Marxs Manifesto he mentioned about the relationship of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The latter refers to the modern wage laborers who use their labor-power in order to live Note by Engels to the English edition of 1888 in Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto, p.30 and the former refers to the employers of the proletariats, who owned apparatuses for social production. Examples of oppositions are HYPERLINK httpen.wiktionary.orgwikifreeman freeman and slave,  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiPatrician_(ancient_Rome)patrician and  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiPlebsplebeian, lord and serf,  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiGuildguild-master and  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiJourneymanjourneyman or in a word, oppressor and oppressed (Marx  Engels, 2002, p.31). As the character pronounced, these two types of people were in contradictions, which are also called as contending classes (Marx  Engels, 2002, p.31).

Darwin on the other hand, presented relationships or variations through the law of nature. He purportedly described species differences through their individual capacity. He identified some doubtful species, characterized by their few and rare characteristics. The opposite of this are those common species that may cope or adapt to the changes of the environment. He stated that, species of the larger genera in any country vary more than the species of the smaller genera, another is that, many of the species of the larger genera resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges (Darwin, n.d.).

 The contending classes were deliberately presented by Marx as part of his Manifesto. He considered this as a factor behind creating and propagating people that would participate in peoples struggle for survival. Proletarian and Communists showed the gradual evolution of social struggle, from capitalism, socialism, up to communism. This is where the whole objective of the Manifesto was manifested. Aims such as, the abolition of both private  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiLand_ownershipland ownership and of the right to  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiInheritanceinheritance, a progressive  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiIncome_taxincome tax, universal  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiPublic_educationeducation, centralization of the means of  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiCommunicationcommunication and  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiTransporttransport under state management, and the expansion of the  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiMeans_of_productionmeans of production owned by the state. The implementation of these policies, would, the authors believed, be a precursor to the  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiSovereign_statestateless and  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiClassless_societyclassless society (Marx  Engels, 2002, pp.58-60).

The evolution from capitalism or those characterized by the bourgeoisies or the ruling class, to socialism or a society that is ruled by workers, until communism kind of society or classless society (Marx  Engels, 2002) would be attributed to the existence of a few higher class in the society that control the many lower class.

Natural selection on the other hand is a concept that pertains to the survival of the organisms. These organisms survive because of the common innate traits due to adaptation. These traits arm the organisms from extinction (Darwin, n.d.). Defining briefly natural selection is like a process wherein inter crosses happen between individuals of the same species (Darwin, n.d.). In this natural selection, Darwin also raised a question of how individuals survive and procreate. He illustrated how individuals multiply more than survive and procreate, however countered this by stating the response from natural selection that preservation happens through rejection of adverse variations (Darwin, n.d.).

The transitions to this evolution were heightened by, the discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society (Marx  Engels, 2002). As a result, this rapid development opens the traditional period. The aftershock of development, as illustrated by Marx will organize peoples power, especially from the proletariat class by means of revolution. Thereby revolution would swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class (Marx  Engels, 2002).

Bringing back the question, is the Marxian process of the class struggle merely a political-economic version of Darwinian natural selection, from the illustrations above about the transformative process in the long period of time that were indicated and illustrated in the Communist Manifesto which is and The Origin of Species, it appears that the class struggle is the process that is exemplified in The Origin of Species. In other words, Darwinian Theory describes the continuous struggle in Marxs Manifesto. The Manifesto somewhat fulfills the precepts of Natural Selection- the many or the common, adapted to the needs of the environment or the society to be able to survive or live. Thus, the struggle will continue from population to population, which also is a process of evolution. Both fulfill the precepts of a revolution to live the Manifesto tells to support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things through forcible overthrown of all existing social conditions (Marx  Engels, 2002,p.76). The same with natural selection, generic traits are the reason for the organism to survive, thus to be able to live and first organisms must adapt and become more common in a population (Darwin, n.d.).