Sociology

In Mollies Job, the principles and practices the owner, Archie Sergy developed as a manager included his willingness to educate workers on machinery and the products the company manufactured. He also was genuine in his interest in the well-being of those who worked for the company, including Mollie. He and his managerial team were jovial towards staff members, and would provide lunch for their employees they would even offer home loans to those long-term valuable employees that needed it. Race and Sex was never an issue in who they offered these kindnesses towards- everyone was valued.

The strategies he developed to deal with the problems Universal Manufacturing encountered consisted of continuing to show interest in his employees well-being, and he also maintained a steely eyed focus on quality and customer service to the degree that it probably hurt profit margins, (Adler, 2000) and he even opened another plant in rural Mississippi.  With limited financial resources, not long after opening the second plant Sergy ultimately had to sell the firm to a larger conglomerate based in New York due to a major decrease in profits. (2000)

The organizational changes Universal went through were numerous and quick-hitting. For instance, instead of a hands on approach, this new owner was an invisible entity that controlled everything but did not ever try to achieve a close connection with its new employees. Eventually, the company name was also taken from the front of the building, along with machinery- until finally the doors closed and the workload was shifted to workers in Mexico. This reflects the changes in the organizational landscape of American firms due to the emergence of globalization throughout the country. Globalization is not a new phenomenon as evidenced in this story of how Mollies once long-term employer faded into non-existence underneath a corporate umbrella as many other old-fashioned companies from the industrial era had prior to and since then.

For workers, the consequences of change are everlasting- and include a diminished loyalty to employers that the workforce in America was once known for. A new tradition has been forged in the wake of these sudden closings and mass layoffs, and todays employees now see corporations as inhuman entities that exist only to provide income- until the next big restructuring.

While this is not always the case, it is a reality that Americans in the workforce are fully aware of and it is no longer limiting its reaches to that of the factory worker or industrial shop owner- it is a reality for all who wish to pursue the American dream by way of traditional means.

Blues music is oftentimes attributed to older folks. In earlier years, blues came to be associated with the devils music, specifically because of its distinct sound and partly because of the stigma attached to African Americans during those times. A large part of the development of blues music has something to do with the cultural practices prevalent then and now. In the past, blues music was closely associated with the people called by then as negroes. The music has been stereotyped back then as the devils music, particularly because the genre owes its roots to the religious beliefs of the Africans. As a result, these people living in America as slaves have to play the music away from the prying ears and eyes of the white population. This isolationist characteristic of blues music contributed to the fact that earlier blues musicians oftentimes find themselves playing their music either in bars that are far from the general population or in places owned by their fellow men and women that only cater to negroes.

In fact, there is one famous legend that immediately comes to mind when one speaks of the blues. It is the legend pertaining to how Robert Johnson sold his soul to the devil at the crossroads just to master the blues. Regardless of whether Robert Johnson indeed sold his soul to the devil, it cannot be doubted that he has been and continues to be a major influence among blues musicians of today. The legend itself is testament to the power of culture in shaping the course of blues music and vice versa. In other words, blues songs and blues artists have helped defined blues culture as we know it today. Similarly, the cultural representations of the blues have likewise helped shape how younger blues musicians perceive and understand the genre. To a certain extent, the culture of the music and the music of the culture reinforce one another.

Today, blues music has gained a wider recognition and, consequently, a bigger audience. Much of it has a lot to do with the social events that transpired during the era of the Civil Rights Movement. While there may still be residues, so to speak, of previous racist attitudes in America, African American blues musicians are now able to freely play their music more than ever. In fact, there are now prominent white Americans who are blues musicians. Contemporary blues music also has a larger following composed of individuals from a wide variety of ethnic or cultural backgrounds.

There was a period when blues music seemed to have reached its peak. Although the precise year is debatable, it can be maintained that period between the early 60s to the late 70s was the time when blues soared to great heights. Blues musicians benefited from an outburst of interest for the blues. They obtained relatively more stable financial rewards in contrast to other musicians. Their rise to fame also gave them the opportunity to live the life akin to that of the modern perception of a rock star. That is, some, if not most, of the popular blues musicians during the rise to popularity of the blues engaged themselves in materialistic pursuits as well as in the desire for sensory pleasures, sex being chief of them. In a way, there came a point when blues became a culture on its own, a time when blues musicians sing about the women or men in their lives, broken relationships, and almost everything else that only the famous can ever experience. Of course, that is not to say that the ordinary blues enthusiast do not experience some of the themes in blues songs. It is just that there are portions of the blues culture which do not immediately ring a bell to them, so to speak.

Blues music began roughly a century ago, continues to be a part of the larger culture of music and will remain a significant part of the musical culture in the coming decades. Blues is so socially relevant, to the extent that it cannot be disposed of without disposing off of music altogether. To let the blues continue to thrive, however, there should be an appreciation for blues music from the people in the first place. To do so is to give the blues the place in the society it rightfully deserves.

Joining the world trade organization (WTO) is one of the critical decisions made by china in the dawn of the twenty first century. China joined the WTO immediately after establishing trade relations with the united sates of America in the year 2000 (Wang 2009 663). This was a very beneficial move to the republic of china since they both (china and the US) have the same economic strengths. The republic of China plays a very vital role in the promotion of global economy. Upon becoming a member of the WTO china opened up its markets to the world (Wang 2009 680). This has seen a shift in the economic position of china. China benefits greatly from its exports and has promoted the growth of technology in the whole world since it is the leading exporter of ICT products (Martin 200998). However this move was received with different perspectives. Some people realized that the move was a positive decision for the development of chinas economy whilst others claimed that it will destroy the domestic sector of the economy due to concentration on foreign trade (DeWoiskin 200134).

The WTO on Chinas economy
In joining, China was subjected to various accession conditions as required by the WTO. This included
Reducing tariffs on imports  Regarding to this, china accepted to reduce its tariffs on both the agricultural division from 31.5 to more than half (14.5) and the industrial division from 25 to 7.(Chow 200922)
Open the Chinese domestic trade market to allow foreign institutions and individuals to trade directly without limitations. Investors from outside the country were granted the opportunity to own shares equivalent to 40 of the nominal shares in commercial banks and other lending institutions. This is one of the many benefits foreign investors enjoy from china.

China was subjected to open its telecommunications and financial sectors for the rest of the world to participate in (Supachai 200318).

China was subjected to reform its whole system in terms of transparency and its trade laws. This was aimed at removing the limitations other countries were facing when doing business with china.

To implement a safe system of trade which the world trade organization members and the USA (being the biggest beneficiary from china) will continue to use in a non market economy to determine the level of dumping against china for the next fifteen years. As provided in the system, members of the WTO can ban goods from china that have a negative impact to their markets (Wang 2009 688).

In return, china was to benefit from the lifting of quotas in its clothes and textiles exportations. This has been very beneficial to china in the sense that the textile and information sectors have recorded a tremendous growth in their contribution to the gross domestic product in the past three years.

The main idea for joining the WTO was to hasten the economical reforms in the industrial and servicing sector. The competition brought about by the foreign investors in the market has promoted efficiency in terms of deliverance and quality. The following are the main benefits the Chinese economy has gained from joining the WTO.

Globalization- the Chinese economy has benefited greatly from the ongoing globalization in the world. The main beneficiaries of globalization are the countries with high technological know how and cheap labor. China in that category boasts of both. Chinas cheap labor is borne by the high population in the country (China comprises 13 of the worlds population). That explains why Motorola the largest American investment in china did not set up its facilities in the United States but instead chose China. The reason behind this was to benefit from the advanced level of technology in china. Thanks to globalization, china has been able to move from a planned economy to a socialist market economy. Globalization has seen the economy of China grow sixteen times to reach number seven in the world from thirty two Chow, Gregory (2002). Business process output bears its roots in China. Foreign firms are directing their large volumes of data to be done in china due to the presence of advanced technology and cheap labor in the country.

Stable economic relationships with other countries  By joining the WTO, China has been enjoying the benefits of a free market. Ever since china has been an investment destination for foreign investors. This has greatly influenced the growth of the economy of china (DeWoiskin 200144). China has established very strong business links with other countries over time. This has also seen china investing very largely in growing economies like Africa. For example, china has immensely invested in the war-torn Southern Sudan region for its oil and precious stones. Although these have been termed by many as exploitation it is one of the many benefits of globalization to the bigger economies.By joining the WTO saw the relationship between china and the United States shift places (Sutter 200845). The United States is the biggest beneficiary from china. This was evident in the way the United States aided the negotiations between WTO and china but not WTO and Taiwan (both china and Taiwan were accepted on board at the same time). The United States exports most of its agricultural products from china.

High speed reforms in the economy- Joining the WTO boosted the economy reforms in the republic of china (Naughton 200646). This was aided by the increased competition China has faced domestically and internationally. Foreign investors streaming in the country has forced the local investors to perform to their level best. This has improved the level of production and the quality of goods and services. Joining the WTO led to the re-structuring of some industries in order to fit the international standards.The World Bank and other international bodies have increased their participation in china. The World Bank has been working been working closely with the Chinese government in a move to improve the speed of economy reforms in the country (Supachai 200382). Through the IMF china has received a lot of funding to boost the ICT industry which is a major contributor to the economy of china. As expected this economic reforms has yielded positive results and the economy of china is in a very stable state.

Long-term Growth- Chinas decision to join the world trade organization was not based on short-term goals but long-term (Supachai 200388). The increase in the level of competition has led the adoption of world class system of doing things. In return this has led to the formation. This has placed the country in a very strategic position to compete with other world class firms locally and abroad. At the same time, this process has edged out non performing firms. The law of protection has been fully in practice in china since it joined the WTO. By the time china joined the WTO its economy was in a developing state and it needed to protect its young and indigenous firms from unhealthy competition. The firms that wee young by then have evolved to become multinationals. An example of these companies is the thermo fisher company which has grown to become the worlds leading provider in science related services.

The WTO on chinas politics
Joining the WTO recorded a turning point for china. This has affected all the major sectors in the country including the political arena. In the process of accession, China was forced to adopt various changes in its constitution. By becoming a member of the WTO china wanted to compete with the United States of America. China is currently enjoying the benefits of participating in international trade decisions. Joining the WTO had a lot of political motives. Big firms and corporations backed the leaders who were advocating for the accession to take place. These firms knew that by china going global it would increase their market outreach. These leaders were to be rewarded in return by these corporations. However the WTO may have not played a direct role in influencing certain political activities, it has somehow aided in various political decisions of the country. WTO accelerated liberalization in chinas politics. Rowman, Littlefield (200835) affirms that WTO has really affected politics in china. The china congress party has been able to control the circulation of politically sensitive information on the internet. The use of internet has been motivated by globalization. The government of china is using the internet to market its products globally (Wu 200376).

China has encouraged widely the use of internet to promote the telecommunication industry in a move to modernize the economy of the country. The benefits of WTO to the economy conflicts the interests of the government. Recently the information and communications minister was quoted saying that China has been unable to contain its own press and blamed this on the freedom brought about by globalization. He claimed that the media of the country does not follow orders from the government but instead is dictated by the market. The accession to the WTO saw difficulties in the government in administering certain rules and regulations (Wang 2009 680). Some of these laws were lifted or replaced by the ones of the WTO.

The WTO on chinas social life
The accession of the WTO and china has led to improved living conditions for the people of China. There is increased distribution of wealth in the country and the gap between the rich and the poor has been bridged. People are exercising personal liberty due to the reforms in the market Li et al (200924) discusses the benefits of WTO on peoples lives. A number of self help groups have been erected in a move to unite the people and foster relationships. Non governmental organizations have partnered with these groups in a bid to address the needs of the people. These NGOs has improved the degree of creativity through offering entrepreneurship education to the people. In return this has increased productivity both in the rural and urban areas. The formation of these social groups has been greatly discredited by the government. The government thinks that some of these groups have political affiliation in them. The labor organization has been able express the needs of the workers with great freedom. This is because of the adoption of international human resource laws enacted by the WTO. A lot of jobs have been created due to trade liberalization and creation of an open market economy. As a result of globalization, the demand for Chinese products abroad has been increased. This has led to an increased demand for more labor in order increase production to satisfy the global market.

The WTO on chinas education sector
Joining the WTO has brought many changes in the education sector of the country. Chinas system of education has been forced to introduce teaching of foreign languages in their syllabus. Education and economic developed are inter-related and both rely on each other. China has put in place several strategies to prioritize the development of education. China has benefited from the introduction of high quality education from other countries. This is due to the provisions in the cross-border supply law implemented by the WTO between member states (Wu 200376). China is now reaping the benefits of long distance education from the first member party. This broadens knowledge and increases creativity. The number of students going to study abroad has increased gradually over the past three years. China is targeting countries like Japan and the United States so as to gain from their advanced technological level. China has invested a lot in the education sector. The minister of education recently stated that China considers education as a long term investment. China has introduced a number of foreign languages in their curriculum. This has led to increased level of communication in making business transactions. China considers the knowledge of a foreign language as a tool to inter-relate science and information technology. An example of the benefits of the WTO on education is during the Beijing 2008 Olympics. As huge numbers of people jetted in the country, travel agents and hotels needed to employ staff who knew different languages. All the individuals who could speak a different language apart from Chinese were taken aboard in order to facilitate communication. Since then the republic of china saw the need to invest more in foreign languages to avoid the last minute rush. Currently, china is the greatest mover on the introduction of foreign languages in education globally.

After 15 years of struggle, china was finally accepted as a member of the WTO in the year 2001. This was a turning point for both china and the member states of the WTO. The accession brought with itself the benefits of an open market. It opened doors for the Chinese investors to take advantage of the opportunity to participate in international trade. China has been enjoying the benefits of the protection laws imposed by the WTO. Demand for Chinese products abroad has been met through the acceleration of export procedures. The agreement brought with itself employment opportunities. This is evident in the rate at which rural urban migration is taking place. WTO in china has led to improved living conditions. The social life in china has been fostered through the accession of the agreement. By joining the WTO china has been fully involved in global decision making on matters relating to trade (Joseph 2001169). Being one of the greatest economies in the world, china enjoys great benefits from the WTO in terms of market dominance (Aldrich 200167). China has become the centre for global production of agricultural and ICT products. This has seen the economy of china grow in a very alarming rate in a very short time.

This assignment is about the discrimination that a particular racial group faced or participated in. I have chosen the racial group European Americans to do research on. The assignment will identify the forms of discriminations that the whites or European Americans participated in.

Immigration to US
European Americans are the people who reside in the United States but are either the descendants of the European immigrants or they themselves have shifted to US from Europe or they were the founding colonists. They were given the label of white Americans and were thought of as the superior race. There are three different types of European American immigrants which are identified above. The first wave of immigration was witnessed in the period of 1820 and 1890. The second wave came from Eastern Europe mainly from 1870 to 1978.

Some of the immigrating groups did face prejudice and racism. In 1628, a group from Ireland was rejected by the English colonists and sent back to Ireland. The early immigrants from Britain in America were known as the colonists. The French groups, who immigrated to the US, created their own segregated colonies as they were rejected by the existing colonists and soon they began to expand. The Irish and the Italians were not accepted by the colonists already living in the US. The European immigrants who migrated in the years after 1800 were not considered as white. The natives who were born white were only defined as white. The immigrants, who did not fit in the definition of being white, did not get the citizenship of the US (Feagin, 2001).

There have been some classes of white who had racial privileges, although the Italians and the Irish were white skinned people, but still they were not considered in the definition of white. The laying of definition of white was purely in the hand of the supreme court of the US and the powerful people in the US who controlled the economy. However the Italians and the Irish immigrants were given the citizenship later and were accepted as whites.

Participation in Racial Discrimination
The whites were given high paying jobs, good working conditions and equity whereas the other ethnic groups were given lowly paid jobs in the secondary markets such as maids, hand workers and factory workers. All the management positions were taken by the whites this is because they thought of themselves as the superior race. The labor market was segmented on the basis of the color of the skin of workers. The white men had industrial authority and were given privileges over the other races present in the US. This is the reason high paid and management positions are called white-collar jobs, because they were only offered to the whites or the European Americans who were declared white. It was easy to identify a person who comes in the definition of white because he would have an American citizenship. Therefore the European Americans did participate in Dual Labor Market racism.

In the 19th century, the system of racism had been institutionalized in many parts on the society. The African Americans were no longer the slaves of individual whites and are not bound by chains in bondage. But they now are a slave of the society as they have to bear the racism in every aspect of their lives. Hatred against each other has been generated by the black and the European Americans because of the foundations that were laid down by the white elites. Racism in America has existed since centuries and has been practiced in a systemic and institutionalized way. The majority of the founders of the United States have been involved in enslaving black people. These slave owners were the ones who made the constitution and the convention agreed that economic inequality and slavery should be protected. The black population was considered as the property of the whites but it did not appear on the constitution. Many historians have commented that in the entire history of mankind, such an institution of human slavery and trade has not been formed as an integral part of politics as it did in the U.S.

Reverse discrimination has been practiced in the US in the past and is still prevalent in some parts of the country. The European Americans had a racial quota for admissions in colleges, universities and in high schools. In all the educational institutions, the races other than European Americans did not get an equal representation as the European Americans. The European Americans got the privileges to be white and there was unequal representation by different ethnic groups in educational institutions, highest by the European American.

Although participation in discrimination by the European Americans has always existed, the practice of redlining officially initiated in 1934 National Housing Act (Wilson, 1996). In this act, many ethnic minority neighborhoods were labeled as ineligible to receive financing. In the European American neighborhoods, many racial policies were devised which restricted the other ethnic groups such as African Americans to secure mortgage loans.

I culturally identify with the United States mainstream culture and a little with the European American culture too. The mainstream culture that is followed in the US is primarily the European American culture.

Since the 1994 trial and acquittal for the murder of his wife and her romantic partner, Orenthal James Simpson has become something of a basis for comparison for the modern athlete scandal. Though many conflicting opinions exist regarding Simpsons purported innocence, much has changed in the way we as a society view athletes and the treatment afforded them by their wealth and stature. It is this vaguely defined, yet clearly perceptible shift that focuses the lens of public scrutiny on those few athletes whose limelight of success is turned by scandal to to the harsh glare of an interrogators lamp.

In general terms, professional sports and its participants contribute little of real value to society as a whole. They are entertainers, and like all entertainers are paid according to the audience they draw and the merchandise they sell. However, it can be argued that, unlike typical entertainers of the stage and screen, athletes purchase their success with a greater level of commitment and self-sacrifice. It is this sacrifice that gains the athlete his success, and perhaps also gains him a certain degree of unwarranted public leniency when he or she falters morally or ethically.

O. J. Simpson, at the time of his arrest and subsequent acquittal, was an enormously successful athlete at the height of his career with many endorsement contracts and several acting credits. While by no means as wealthy or famous as his modern counterparts, allowing for a measure of  social inflation  shows the reality of Simpsons vast accomplishment. His sphere of influence extended farther, in relative terms, than any professional football player alive today. It is for precisely this reason that his trial and the attendant media attention have continued to sculpt what is and is not acceptable behavior for professional athletes.

Talented, erudite and charismatic, Simpsons success was as natural as his affinity for the game he played. Many football players possess these characteristics to a lesser or greater degree, but none before or since have managed to parlay them into such an undeniably impressive career as Simpsons. The phrase  negro neutral  is fitting if for no other reason than the most obvious explanation a persons color is their most noticeable feature unless and until they amass enough wealth, power or respect to overshadow it. In short, O. J. Simpsons natural charm and talent, as well as his harmless good-looks and surprising wit, were sufficient to make his race a non-issue to those not staunchly opposed to people of color. That he was African-American simply did not matter in light of his other qualities, which speaks volumes about the state of racial acceptance and equality even as recently as the beginning of the 1990s. However, the speed at which his race became an issue, following his arrest and indictment, was astonishing.

Simpsons murder trial was a drama of Elizabethan proportions. Every television-equipped household in America possessed at least a vague understanding of his supposed deeds, while others still knew the attorneys and jurors by sight and name. The attendant stir quite literally transformed Court TV into the cable television juggernaut it is today, and redefined what it means for a celebrity to go on trial. That jury deliberations took longer than five minutes, considering the ubiquity of Simpsons perceived guilt, is a testament to the fortitude of the American justice system. The verdict itself, considering the evidence both real and circumstantial, was a confirmation to many that innocence depends not on the truth, but perhaps on the bank account of the accused.

While there remain countless unanswered questions regarding the charges of which Simpson was acquitted, many questions have been answered which were indeed never voiced. Certain unlovely truths were unmasked during the trial, not least of which is that of Americas seemingly innate hero-worship. Our professional athletes are entertainers whose failings are held to a lower standard that those of the common man, it seems. And though O. J. Simpson walked away a free man, he serves as a reminder that greatness on the field does not necessarily define greatness off of it.

In modern world, the society has varied views about gender roles alienated towards sexual roles that bring in aspect of bias. In respect to sexual harassment, the purpose of this paper shall be to explore how our society today conceptualizes sexual harassment with respect to gender roles. In order to this with precision, the paper shall employ rape myth research as a template so that the paper gives conceptualization and measurement of male sexual harassment of women. Moreover, central factors that are interlinked with sexual harassment in work places such as sexism, hostility toward women, traditional attitudes toward women, and behavioral support shall be discussed within workplace context.

The study proposal shall discuss conceptualization of sexual harassment Method which includes Participants and design, Measures and Results and Discussion. In addition, the paper shall in detail analyze and present well coordinated literature review of the past conducted studies on the sexual harassment in work places.

Sexual Harassment in workplaces with the focus on the authority roles of gender and authority roles
A Research Proposal

Background 
In general, our society today view sexual harassment as that involving sexual acts involuntarily, yet little is known about suggestive physical, verbal, and behavioral sexual abuses. As a matter of fact, most cultures tend to consider sexual harassment in work place is expressed in terms of physical sexual assault, verbal sexual abuse or rape in worst cases. In this regard, (Richard and Juanita, 2007 Rowe  Corinne, 2002) reveals that sexual harassment in most cases though unnoticeable is expressed through words or verbal behaviors that humiliate, degrade, or display disrespect to individuals or groups regarding their sexual orientation or gender roles. Richard and Juanita (2007) defines workplace sexual harassment as where workers are sexually abused, threatened to have sex, or assaulted in circumstances related to their work which involves an implicit or explicit challenge to their safety, health or well-being.

However, for the study purposes, a new meaning and conceptualization of sexual harassment need to be employed that gives more insight and deeper understanding of the term. In this regard, sexual harassment can be clearly seen as the subjective experience of the person who is targeted by the behavior and by the degree to which the behavior was not only unwanted or unwished for, but also the behavior is unwelcome by that person (Lisa, et al., 1995 Laura, 1997 Margaret, 1996). Moreover, sexual harassment in present days study covers a broad spectrum of sexual violations and its usage may vary in accordance to present recognition by many world wide laws to exclude or include forms of violence such as battery and rape.

The common reasons cited for facilitating sexual harassment in work place environment has been majorly the persons who use their power or position to influence, control and intimidate those of lower hierarchy or status to their sexual gratification advantage. Currently, most countries US included are status-oriented societies in which people are classified by position, birth, wealth, age and education (Richard and Juanita, 2007). Sexual harassment due to differences in socio-economic classes has been reported as a prevalent practice among the general population, whereas racial sexual harassment still happens to the minority groups and immigrants who seek favors from hosts.

As a result of detrimental effects of sexual harassment in work places, there have been various programs within various organizations that embarked on. First, employees are sensitized about sexual harassment and are equipped with skills necessary for reducing and eradicating sexual harassment. Second, workers are educated about the negative effects of sexual harassment within organizations context. Third, firms have been motivated to conduct research, training and teaching regarding sexual harassment. Fourth, staff management has been better equipped to handle issues on sexual harassment. Fifth, staff has been empowered to resist report and facilitate the sanctioning of staff that is responsible for sexual harassment. And sixth, there has been incorporating of sexual harassment issues of into organizational gender programs and policies (Richard and Juanita, 2007 Rowe  Corinne, 2002).

In order to derive valid data upon which informed decision shall be influenced and be made, this research proposal part shall present research methodology. Importantly, from this study of sexual harassment presented in this paper, there is hope that more adaptive methods of minizing and eradicating sexual harassment in work places shall be realized.

Methodology 
Research methodology as essential part of the research proposal, shall discus in details the following topics research design, research tools, population and sample, limitations of the study, data collection, data analysis, results and protection of human subjects.

Research Design 
The research design entails the approach to study parameters to achieve overall study goal. In this regard, the research design shall involve survey study that is conducted with aim to illustrate the incidence of all forms of sexual harassment in workplace in manufacturing and processing industrial sector, as well as contributing factors, impacts, and responses at individual and organizational levels. Moreover, Quantitative data shall be conducted by use of questionnaires. While on the other hand, use of focus group interviews and Individual interviews shall be conducted to obtain qualitative data.

Population and Sample 
The research setting in this study is within manufacturing industrial sector. In manufacturing industrial sector, there is a wide variety of production services, comes with diversity and workers stratification that is necessary to provide meaningful data to evaluate study hypotheses.

The first qualitative part that seeks to verify the definition of workplace sexual harassment, the following groups of persons constitutes target groups. They are as follows
(1) Representative organizations
(2) Private owners of manufacturing sector
(3) Health sector personnel
(4) Manufacturing authorities
(5) Management
(6) Sexual and gender advocacy groups
(7) Lawyers who have

Data from the above target groups within manufacturing sector personnel shall be obtained by use of 15 focus group interviews that consist of 90 personnel selected according to availability. On the other hand, quantitative part, the questionnaires shall include all major manufacturing and its related settings available within us. Moreover, the questionnaire covers the settings in all geographic levels, rural, suburban, and urban areas, and also from non-government and government sectors.

Limitations of the Study 
The major limitation in this study shall be in terms of lack of exact data on the professional and various employees within the manufacturing industry to base sampling on. As a result, the professional and workers in these category shall be estimated may compromise the quality, reliability and validity of data obtained. Moreover, some professional settings such as subordinates and supervisors might be recruitment. As a result, these groups might give low return-rate.

Furthermore, study shall be limited from respondents perspective in the sense that some feedback given by respondents may have indication that the questionnaires administered are long due to sensitivity nature of study subject. As a result, some of the questions in the final parts might not be answered, which hampers study outcome and results computation.

Moreover, the participants may withdraw when sufficient parameters to assure them of confidentiality and benefits and possible risks. Therefore, researcher must ensure that the responses given are discussed among the researcher and assistants only and this should be communicated and understood by respondents. There is a likelihood of over expenditure in the allocated research budget in contacting participants, writing materials, meals and water, and any reimbursement for the participants involved in focus group interviews.

Hypotheses 
The study hypotheses as follows,
Alternative hypotheses
H1 There is relationship between sexual harassment and organization culture exhibited in workplace.
H2 There is relationship between workers administrative level and likelihood of being sexually harassed.
H3 Most workers are sexually harassed in a poor workplace environment that facilitate the vice such as dark corridors, inadequate light pavements and congested offices within manufacturing industries.

Null Hypotheses
H1o There is no relationship between sexual harassment and organization culture exhibited in workplace
H2o There is no relationship between workers administrative level and likelihood of being sexually harassed.
H3o Most workers are not sexually harassed in a poor workplace environment that facilitate the vice such as dark corridors, inadequate light pavements and congested offices within manufacturing industries.

Data Collection 
Time frame for data collection shall be determines in terms of months. For instance, it can be collected from January to February or March. In terms of qualitative data, in-depth and focus group interviews, and audiotape recording if permission shall be granted are methods that shall be used to collect qualitative data. Additionally, field-notes shall be taken to substantiate the qualitative data collected and also to serve as explanatory notes to brief answers provided by respondents. Importantly, assured privacy, confidentiality and guaranteed safety of the subjects throughout process of qualitative data collection are not only of essence, but also very vital since sexual harassment in workplace is a sensitive issue. The interview venues shall be conducted in meeting rooms and individuals or groups workplaces.

On the other hand, quantitative data collection, the researchers andor the research shall contact all relevant authorities of sampled manufacturing firms and all involved professionals in order to obtain permission to be able to collect data. At this moment, the researcher shall be obliged to state and explain to the concerned authorities and parties the purpose of the research project, techniques and procedures for questionnaire survey. Thereafter, the research questionnaires shall be distributed by use of accidental random sampling techniques. This means that, any personnel available on the sampled organization is invited to participate in the study (Rowe  Corinne, 2002).

Data Analysis 
The Qualitative data shall be analyzed by content analysis as an appropriate analysis approach. While on the other hand, Quantitative data shall be analyzed by use of the SPSS 9.0 software program. Additionally, descriptive statistics shall be employed in order to illustrate the demographic characteristics of the used sample. Chi-square shall be used to analyze the differences of the incidences of sexual harassments across various factors.

Results 
The results of this study based on quantitative and qualitative data analysis shall be presented simultaneously as follows first, demographic characteristics of the sample. Second shall be the magnitude, characteristics, scope of sexual harassment. Third, influencing factors in the context of workplace sexual harassment. Fourth, effects and impact of sexual harassment at work in the manufacturing industrial sector. Fifth shall be results for individual, institutional, and systematic responses towards sexual harassment. And sixth, shall be the anti-sexual harassment strategies.

Protection of Human Subjects 
Protection of human subject regarding their involvement and part in the research is not only necessary but a legal requirement thus must be well formulated. These can be enhanced by researcher to have written permission from the manufacturing firms. While on the other hands, respondents participating in focus group interviews shall be requested to give their oral consent after the researcher explains to them research confidentiality, projects objectives and procedures.

Sexual Harassment in workplaces with the focus on the authority roles of gender and authority roles
A literature review
Workplace sexual harassment is pervasive in todays firms. Workplace sexual harassment, regardless of whether they involve marital relationship or dating is classified as hierarchical whereby two romantically involved workers that differ in their company status. This can be demonstrated by, a boss and secretary or a given supervisor and their subordinate within same department. The other classification is the lateral whereby it involves employees who are of equal organizational status. Although, many reported cases are of hierarchical nature but reporting the menace in organizational set up proves a challenge especially in firms with a bureaucratic structure of which most manufacturing industries have. This literature review, shall critically review the past studies on Sexual Harassment in workplaces with the focus on the authority roles of gender and authority roles.

Definition of sexual harassment 
According to UN in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, gender-based violence is defined as any act that is likely to or results in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats or acts ofcoercion, arbitrary deprivations of liberty private or public in the family, community In this definition, it is inclusive of such actions as battery trafficking in women rape sexual abuse of children forced prostitution dowry violence harassment and intimidation at work and in educational institutions genital mutilation and other traditional practices that are harmful to women and state-sanctioned violence against women.  In reference to gender based violence as reference and platform towards developing a more compelling and precise definition of sexual harassment, Jane (2003) gives this much needed definition.

Sexual harassment can be best defined in terms of the subjective experience of targeted person by the behavior and by the degree to which the behavior was unwanted and unwelcome by that targeted person. In this sense, sexual harassment covers a broad spectrum of any form sexual violations and its usage varies accordance recognition by worldwide laws.

In workplace, sexual harassment as form of gender based violence takes specific forms that affects both women and men struggles and chances for attaining and sustaining promotions and jobs. However, the cultural pose a challenge on definition and classification of sexual harassment as culture flavors what is illegitimate or legitimate accepted as gender violence or not. Therefore, despite having a universal definition according to UN, sexual harassment definition is largely dependant on the varied cultural context, whereas their resonance is greatly affected by cultural locations, structures and practices of various organizations (United Nations United States Department of the Army, 1997).

According to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, sexual harassment is classified as sex discrimination that in essence violets the Act. In this regard, EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) refers to sexual harassment as all manners that are associated with requests for sexual favors, unwelcome sexual advances and verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature (Defense Equal Opportunity Council, 1995). The impact of sexual harassment results to creating an offensive, intimidating, or hostile work environment implicitly or explicitly affects an individuals employment and unreasonably hampers employees work performance (Defense Equal Opportunity Council, 1995). In addition to that, Debevoise et al., (1998) reports that sexual harassment have detrimental effects on the basis of its negative effects experienced by employees. In a more pronounced manner, the negative effect on the employees is normally intensified when a victimized worker comes into contact with a former harasser that evokes unfavorable feelings.

Behaviors exemplifying sexual harassment
Barbara, (2005) state that when investigating behavioral aspects that are associated with sexual harassment, there is an essential question that aid and guide the inquiry what types of behavior Exemplify Sexual Harassment in organization In responding to this question, (Barbara, 2005 Crouch, 2001 Debevoise et al., 1998) reviewed some of the behaviors that when displayed strongly suggest sexual harassment. First, superiors or workmates demanding sex in exchange for promotions or job. Secondly, sexual assault of an employee during outdoor or indoor consultation or meeting is behavior classified as sexual harassment. Thirdly, circumstances when male or female workmates sexually bullys their colleagues by attacking the dressing codes and style orand commenting on figure or bodies fellow employees.

Fourth, the tendency of some senior employees to scratch their colleagues or their juniors palms, grazing breasts in office or corridors or patting their bottoms, represent behaviors associated with sexual harassment. Fifth, the collective category of suggestive behaviors that is indicative of sexual harassments such as defacing or humiliating election posters with sexual, sexual jokes or talk, placing sexually abusive material inform of pictures or messages online, are all behaviors that are suggestive of sexual harassment and need to be readdressed in our workplaces.

Workplace sexual harassment context
Organizational context is engulfed in issues of fairness, justice, equity, gender and democracy. Working and manufacturing plants production is carried out in multi-ethnic and multicultural environment where workers are composed of different social, age, economic, gender, religious and class backgrounds in pursuit of betterment of their lives (Crouch, 2001). As a result, productivity is affected by gender climate in the workplaces since employees interact more frequently. Thus, affects and shapes their expectations, attitude, knowledge, behaviors, social and emotional intelligence of the workers. As a matter of fact, workplace comprises of diversity of individuals living and grown up from different cultures especially patriarchal cultures in the sense that their gender expectations in many cases contradict democratic point of view. For instance, it is common knowledge that within context of patriarchal societies, men regard women as ritual of courtship or prey.

In other findings (Carla, 1995 Dziech and Michael 1998 Eskenazi and Gallen, 1992 Jane, 2003) reported that, most workplaces tend to be male-dominated which enhances male-tolerant environment and cultures, which sometimes may encourage orand tolerate sexual harassment. In contrary, Jane (2003) reports that most male-dominated environments in workplaces seem to encourage transactional sex between subordinate men and women and dominant men, in the context of confusing and vague authority, accountability and transparency structures. However, it is important to point out that sexual harassment hinder women abilities rise to organizations higher positions of authority or leadership as mostly shall be used and held hostage by their harassers for sexual gratification.

Sexual Harassment between subordinates and subordinates, and subordinates by Superiors
In most workplaces, there are numerous reports of allegations of male superior exploiting vulnerable female subordinates, threatening to fire them, or enticing with promise of promotions. Superiors in organization who holds authority have the power recommend promotion or dismissal of employees. Therefore, when superiors utilize this power granted by their position for sexual favors though are unethical, becomes any easy task yet illegal and gender abusive.  Thus, there is need to development ethical Code of Conduct that governs the relationship between superiors and subordinates. One of suggestions, of this study is that sexual harassment needs to be integrated into awareness, training and research in workplaces.

On the other hand, sexual harassment between subordinate and subordinate is more pronounced among the secretarial staff. This is in the sense that, young ladies are mostly occupy middle level posts are constantly threatened by perceived job loss if they fail to give in to sexual demand of their bosses and other powerful staff members. These young women occupying lower and middle level administrative posts are also vulnerable to sexual harassment from their subordinates who treat them with disrespect (Carla, 1995 Dziech and Michael 1998). In the twist of circumstances, young, ambitious and social climbing women within an organization usually choose powerful male figures as mentors to achieve their ambitions. However, such relationships with time may deteriorate and get exploitative.

In summary, sexual harassment the subjective experience of targeted person by the behavior and by the degree to which the behavior was unwanted and unwelcome by that targeted person all manners that are associated with requests for sexual favors, unwelcome sexual advances and verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. The impact of sexual harassment results to creating an offensive, intimidating, or hostile work environment implicitly or explicitly affects an individuals employment and unreasonably hampers employees work performance. There is need to have preventive measure to mitigate the impact of sexual harassment in workplaces.

In primitive times, gender-role stereotypes have been highlighted.  Men are the dominant figures while women are just subordinates.  However, this kind of stereotyping still exists in modern society.  Even though there are vast changes that occurred in the society, people continuously adhere to the idea that men are more powerful than women.  Gender-role stereotypes are strengthened by the belief that females are less analytical and have less achievements than males.

Tsang and So Ting (n.p) shows that even though at present, there are women who participate in the workforce already, the old idea that men are the dominant individuals in the society is continuously existing.  This happens because a number of people still perceive the role of  men as more productive and more important than womens. If there are situations or problems that requires the use of logic and analytic mind, most likely, men are called to solve those.  People do not usually recognize the analytic ability of women. This is most probably the reason why most of people who constitute the College of Engineering of various universities are males. Most engineers are males because they are good in Mathematics.

In this society, men are also considered to have greater achievements than women due to the fact that they occupy higher positions in most offices or companies.  Even in the political realm of most countries, men are really dominant.  These facts are related to the Gender Schema Theory which states that sex typing results from the idea that the self-concept itself gets assimilated into the gender schema (Gender Schema Theory n.p.).  This could mean that even women learn to view themselves  fitted for the roles which do not require too much use of analytic mind. Because of that, they specialize more on using their nimble fingers.

The four pictures under study speak of the societal inequalities that are prevalent in societys perception on women.  Whether based on racial, socio-economic, or sexuality issues, the undertones and the consequential questions that are posed after being a witness to these pictures, clearly speaks of our unfortunate tendencies of being prejudiced without prior bases for making such judgmental actions.  Such reactions may be an accurate manner for us to effectively measure just how much society has influenced us in our way of thinking, especially in the premise of gender inequality issues, with special emphasis on the discrimination of women.

Clearly, the most evident factor with regards to the four pictures is the societys standard of giving aesthetic or sexual admiration of superiority, or a womans sexual value in the eyes of the beholder.  Each of the four pictures has its own way of expressing a personal viewpoint based solely on the persons social upbringing.  Other impressions, such as the economic background of the subject in picture 4-2, the racial undertones as emphasized in picture 4-1, and even unpopular sexual preferences, as exhibited in picture 4-3, only comprise for secondary issues.

Picture 4-1, which is that of a naked South Australian aboriginal female of 22 years of age, had clearly demonstrated the societys tendency of being automatic in their assessment leaning on racial discrimination.  Here, there is an obvious absence of the usual reaction of seeing a naked woman in print that of wonderment and the usual admiration for the finer sex.  Perhaps this unusual reaction was caused by the subjects race and her apparent absence of the finer qualities that society has dictated upon us as being attractive.

Unfortunately, the prevalence of this thinking also ushers a cruder standard of labeling women based on their physical attributes.  It downgrades women that society perceives as having less beauty, to a lower level where not only their physical attributes are discriminated, but more importantly the very individuality of their being.  Perhaps the historical importance of the white race being the masters of the black slaves has had its share of blame for the prevalence for this manner of thinking that because of the slave trade that spanned for hundreds of years, it has left an indelible mark on the societys perception that aborigines generally are an inferior race.  However sad this reality may be, it makes only for one of the many variations where inequality and discrimination on women are being widely-practiced.

Picture 4-2, where an old and impoverished woman is seen holding a child in ragged clothes, denotes almost the same reactions as with picture 4-1, especially if viewed in the perception of sexual aesthetics.  Clearly expressed in this picture is the womans seeming acquiring of a lessened value either as she grows older or poorer, exhibiting yet another unfortunate inequality that women are being subjected to, in relation to their worth in the society.  More so, women in this predicament are more prone into being in a state of helplessness, as compared with the woman in picture 4-1, as this old woman is already past the marrying stage, thus eliminating the hope of finding security in a mate who might bring her some form of economic stability.

Women who are suffering from this kind of gender discrimination have been abundant in times of war.  Often times, being left alone with kids to sustain, they have been left with no other choice other than begging.  In most certainty, because of their age and the financial dilemma they are in, they have found it impossible to find employment in businesses, thus making their lives desolate of any chance of a bright future to aspire for.  After a deeper analysis on women suffering from this type of inequality, a question then arises, of whether who is at fault for their becoming victims to this act of nature, which is ageing, and to an inescapable occurrence, which is economic hardship.

Primarily, pictures 4-1 and 4-2 have exhibited the feminist dilemma that are rooted in sexuality issues and their being discriminated by a society that upholds a seeming temporary importance for their preference on accepting what is physically appealing.  Picture 4-3, however, despite being an expression of this very same feminist sexuality which society finds attractive, nonetheless suffers the same level of discrimination because of the inappropriateness of the subject being a male.  It represents then an irony of what society finds appealing yet is still found unsuitable youth and beauty of the female gender as expressed by its counterpart.

Clearly, picture 4-3 radiates sexuality that the society could otherwise find extremely appealing if not for the undertones of homosexuality.  It drives a point, then, of the discriminatory attitude of the society to abhor sexual inclinations that are outside the norms set on their own standards. Thus, even if the subject is a male, this dilemma might just prove to be feminine in nature, as the sexuality being conveyed clearly belongs to this gender.  A realization then naturally follows if one is equipped with an inquisitive mind that we have developed a fixed and strict standard of measures in determining what is socially-appealing and acceptable.

From picture 4-3, we are able to conclude of what makes for an acceptable moralistic view of sexuality that beauty and the expression of sexuality, in general, must be within the boundaries of what has been accepted throughout the ages, and crossing the lines of gender attributes have not been totally blurred despite of mankinds advancement in the arts and the sciences, this gender divide had remained unbroken.  

Picture 4-3, as compared with the subjects in the other pictures in study, denotes the sexual innuendos that are found nonexistent in the other pictures, although with some characteristics that are worth noting.  Taking into account its correlation with the Australian aborigine subject, the qualities that are present in picture 4-3 are what could have made it appealing to the eyes of the society young, Caucasian-looking with features that are considered admirable and appealing, plus the lingerie which could have accentuated the over-all sexual theme of the subject.  Most certainly, interchanging the subjects on these two pictures would have resulted in an entirely different viewpoint of the beholder.  Society would have found it extremely appealing, sexy, and downright beautiful.

On the other hand, pictures 4-2s relation with picture 4-3 has likewise its own prominence.  It clearly exhibits the way society degrades its perception on women as they age.  One is only intrigued by what could be societys reaction if the old lady were to be photographed wearing the same make-up and lingerie of the subject in picture 4-3, during her younger years.  Surely, all the discriminations labeled at the woman would have been replaced by remarks of high distinction and praise, and society would have found it extremely appealing.  Thus, discriminatory distinctions on what and how a woman should behave that were put in place by the society, are much evident in comparing these two subjects.  Indeed, it makes for one of the unfortunate realities that women in general, have been forced into suffering.  It clearly shows societys preference and the resulting deterioration of how they perceive women as they grow old.

Picture 4-4, which is a pinned-up sketch of a woman with a large caption that read, We have received orders not to move, serves as the unfortunate summary of what the other three pictures have expressed.  Its simplicity nonetheless has been able to express all the inequalities and the discriminations that society has wrongly-designated on the gender.  It shows the invisible boundaries that force women to be within the limits that are set by the society.  This may be in various forms, such as employment, gender rights issues, employment benefits and promotions, racial issues, or even in the simplest manner in which society self-servingly predisposes judgment on what is physically-appealing from what is detestable.  More so, this picture draws in detail the real picture of what women have suffered in all the ages of human historythat of being the inferior gender.

By looking at the picture, one is opt in making the consequential question of who had made the self-serving interest of placing women in a designated lowly position, and what are the consequences that had led to this situation.  Other than the ready answer to the first query, perhaps it would be wise to consider the entirety of the society as the culprit.  Perhaps situations pertaining to the ever-important religious factors that are considered by the society as being essential had led to the propagation of this unfortunate situation.  Perhaps too, the societal hierarchy of countless past generations had largely contributed to this dilemma, that it was able to stand the test of time, unfortunately.

Picture 4-4, as compared with its relation with picture 4-1, clearly establishes a set of norms that places aboriginal women on the lowest levels of the present social hierarchy.  Here, it is my belief, the blame rests on the entirety of the society, and not just limited on the male gender.  As can be evidenced in almost all the societies, the discriminatory tendencies to be prejudiced on this race involve the female members of the superior members of the society as well, thus, providing further substance on the argument that the aborigine sector has been designated by the modern society, its perceived rightful place of being one of the lowest members in its caste system.

Also worth noting, as compared with its relation with picture 4-2, is the same bias that is being labeled on the women coming from the impoverished and the aged sectors.  Here, societal impressions have been accurately expressed in the form of the physical attributes as characterized by the detestability of the subject being photographed.  It is an epitome of how society perceives women from this sector in their physical attributes untidy, wrinkled, poor, in tattered clothing, and living in a place void of any progressive, modern development.  It is a prime example of how and where society expects and indeed places these sectors of women in their everyday living they are being told, at least tacitly, to remain in their own worlds and never to move anywhere near their more superior counterparts.  

Picture 4-3, intriguingly, expresses insightful ironies with respect to the theme on picture 4-4.  Most distinguishable is the irony of the society leaning to be discriminatory on the very same qualities they find revolting in homosexuals, despite possessing of feminine qualities that most find appealing on women of the same age.  Most clearly, there is an evident line of segregation separating how the society discriminates homosexuals as belonging to an inferior group.  Although not genuinely belonging to the female gender, this sector nonetheless exhibits identical and appealing sexual attributes of those of the female sector, although manifested in the opposite gender.  Hence, as the picture 4-4 conveys, this sector of the society is constantly being given the unspoken message of its belonging on the lower class of the social structure of the modern caste system.  

Conclusion
The four pictures in study had a common theme shared between them the inequality and the discrimination on women perpetrated by the society.  Various forms of this issue have been discussed, ranging from race, socio-economic, sexuality, and the age and gender factors that make up for the main reasons as to why such unfortunate biases had been prevalent in the annals of human history.

An optimal scenario would be to discard biases and inclinations for such issues that concern the very importance of women, and to treat all members that make up our society as equals in their own struggles for self-identity.  Particularly, society must possess the sensitivity to accept differences in each others uniqueness, and be respectful of the rights that ought to be innate for every one of us.  Lastly, no member of the society, irrespective of his perceived immateriality, should be imposed upon with dictated principles on how to systematically conform to the sets of standards given by the supposed superior class.                      

Every individual has been endowed with inert abilities and potential to originate creative works and ideas that are supposed to be unique to the originators personality and peculiarities. The need to encourage the creative abilities of individuals has also been regarded as essential. It is regarded as crucial to the preservation of the unique potential in people. Besides, every individual has a right to claim ownership over works, ideas and intellectual properties emanating from them. This is the main concern behind the enactment and the establishment of the copyright law in various locations across the globe. The purpose of the copyright law is to ensure that creativity is enhanced by the assignment of the exclusive rights of people to the ideas, works and properties created by them. In addition, the copyright law ensures that these creative items are made available for commercial purposes where necessary without any prejudice or damage to the right of the originator or author of such items.

The copyright law of the United States confers on the author the right to reproduce, distribute and display his work. At the same time, the law encourages the author to prepare other forms of addendums to or adaptations of the original works. This places the exclusive right of ownership of creative works and researches solely on the author. In this regard, any act that undermines the intended goal of the copyright law should be discouraged.

Though the innovation in digital technology is to be applauded, it is important that this technological drive pose no threat to the enforcement of the copyright law (especially at the traditional level). Permitting the copying, display and presentation of copyrighted materials for commercial or other purposes without due regard for the author discourages the creativity drive. It has a high tendency of limiting the extent to which people in the society can explore their potential for coming up with creative ideas and researches. This, on the long run, will retard the growth and development of the society, especially in the area of improvement in technology. The possibility is high that people will want to shy away from exploring creativity if the application of digital technology in providing copies of peoples works becomes an exception in the copyright law. Definitely, instead of focusing on becoming more creative and ingenuous, the society has a tendency to gravitate towards the use of the digital technology to copy and make peoples work available without their consent. This rather unacceptable if the society must make progress.

In addition, exempting the use of the digital technology in reproducing creative items is indirectly an infringement on the right of authors if their consent were not sought in the reproduction. Based on this and the earlier discussed premise, the traditional copyright rule should be maintained as far as the application of the digital innovation is concerned in copying creative works.

Of all the places in the United States that Ben Franklin has had a hand in helping to create or begin, perhaps nowhere else was has influence greater than Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He helped to create many firsts, such as a library, fire department, bifocals, lightening rod, and even a university. More specifically, he founded the University of Pennsylvania. Of all these sub communities that comprise of U Penn, I find the most interesting to be the Library Company of Philadelphia.

While I plan on spending much of my time in or around this place, it will be not only out of necessity, but for pleasure as well. A library is a wonderful place, with limitless resources, and always gives the opportunity to find new resources or research if necessary. With available resources and knowledge, I hope to contribute to the Library Company in any way I can. Perhaps I could use my time, dedicating it to finding new research or volunteering with events or exhibits hosted by the library. I also plan to help contribute to the well being of not only this library, but to the larger community of the entire U Penn campus and surrounding Philadelphia. Because I am much more fortunate than many of the others, specifically the young children, who reside in Philadelphia, they could benefit from me. Through the library, I could become involved in a number of different volunteer opportunities, including reading to young children, helping tutor them, or being a mentor. By helping to better the children, I will be helping to better the entire area as a whole. Not only will I be helping others, but I will certainly help myself in the process. Volunteering time to serve others less fortunate then I is one of the most rewarding and positive experiences possible. Also, like the talented and intelligent Benjamin Franklin, I plan to discover anything new and beneficial that I can, while pursuing my studies.

Every community or society is dynamic since it is affected by interaction with different communities and evolutionary factors within. Various changes within the society can be looked at as being a result of the effect that the environment has on the society. The current American society is appreciative of other cultures and diversity which was not the case in the 1960s (Durham 1996). It is therefore apparent that there have been some changes within the society that have led to this observed trend. This can be developed from simple considerations on the existing behavioural theories where interaction with the environment and experiences are considered key drivers to change within individuals that can translate to change in the society.

A review of the developments that have been recorded in the society shows that there are varied dimensions in which the current American society is more advanced than previous societies. Changes resulting in information availability, improved levels of educational attainment and literacy and general improvement in the standards and quality of life play important roles in the norms that are adopted within the society (Machia and Lamb 2009). Teenagers are affected by what they see, hear and read which brings out the effect that magazines have on the norms that teenagers in the current society conform to. This paper seeks to determine the effects that magazines have on the teenagers in the current society with the aim of developing the thesis that magazines either positively or negatively affect norms adopted by teenagers depending on their content.

Rationale
Teenagers in the American society have been labelled reckless, disrespectful to the elders and generally leading lifestyles that are self destructive. A critical review of factors highlighted as being central to this observed trend in the society reveals that reduced parental involvement in their childrens lives, exposure to negative media and thrills of adolescents are the key factors being blamed for this observed trends.

Magazines are a form of mass media which raises questions on whether magazines are tools for social development or degradation. On the other hand, there is an increase in the number of magazines on lifestyles, shopping, politics and entertainment (Carpenter 1998). The current information age is characterised by increased availability of nearly all forms of information media and magazines have not been left out. Thus, if magazines are truly propagating adoption of negative norms and vices in the society then the current information age may be spelling doom for the virtuous youth.

Most magazines display tag lines that posit their role in improving the society and ensuring that teenagers are empowered with skills and knowledge to deal with various risks that they face. In fact there are various magazine that are published with the sole aim of displaying the challenges that teenagers in the current society face and what they need to know to either deal with social risks or fit into the required characteristics of the modern youth (Dowd and Pallotta 2000). It is this contradiction in the role played by magazines in shaping up the norms adopted by teenagers that is central to the development of this research paper.

Research Aim
The main aim of the report is to determine how teenagers norms about love, sex and relationship are influenced by magazines. It is noteworthy that the population in the study is teenagers who will be treated separately. From this consideration the unit of analysis in the report is a group whereas the dependent variable is young adult norms. The independent variable is the impact of American magazine ranging from sports entertainment finance, social and even pornography. It is noteworthy that children will also be considered in the study to develop a further understanding of the progression of interaction between the dependent and independent variables with increase age. This furthers an understanding of the interaction between the dependent and independent variable in the study which may aid in developing strategies that are more effective in dealing with any detrimental effects that magazines have on norms adopted by teenagers and young adults.

Significance
The outcome of the report will be an extensive review and theorisation of the effect that magazines have on the teenagers. It is apparent that the study deals with an issue that affects the norms adopted by teenagers in the current society and is therefore important in ensuring that social developments are shaped in socially accepted ways. Moreover, by highlighting areas that may be in need of further research the study will play an important role in propagating research on the effects that magazines have on norms that are adopted by teenagers which will aid further address of the research problem.

Literature Review
The effect of mass media on the perceptions adopted by teenagers is an area that has been targeted by most interventions aimed at ensuring that teenagers adopt socially accepted behaviours. It is worth noting that the number of teenagers that are at risk of adopting socially unacceptable behaviours has been on increase due to various social developments (Jochen and Valkenburg 2007). Increase in the number of teenagers that use drugs, engage in unsafe sex and engage in criminal activities for instance drug trafficking is in part a result of the effects of mass media (Firminger 2006). Moreover, the view that the current teenagers have of sexuality is either affected by the view that their models have of the same topic or information that they gain from popular media. Studies have shown that it is highly unlikely that a teenager whose favourite artist is gay to have a negative perception of same sex relationships and marriages. Such information is however not relayed through the works of the referenced model rather they are relayed through the existing media for instance entertainment and lifestyle magazines.

The effect of magazine on teenagers is further propagated by the high availability of such media. Unlike in the 1980s when there were few magazines, teenagers currently have a wide variety of magazines to choose from (Karin and Kazyak 2009). Moreover, magazines have taken on steps to ensure that they are easily accessed by teenagers by ensuring that they are printed in volumes and issues. Commercialisation of magazines is therefore potentially influential on the effects that they have on teenagers. The magazines are printed by corporate firms that though highlighting the fact that they are aimed at ensuring that teenagers and the society is empowered are actually aimed at improving their profit margins. The realisation that sex sells is central to the inclusion of sexual content in most magazines (Durham 1996). Most magazine publications are guided by market researches which due to the infatuation that the society has of sex generally point to dollar generation with the inclusions of such contents (Cancian and Gordon 1988). It is highly unlikely that a magazine whether in finance, engineering or entertainment will lack content that is of sexual nature. This is not out of the realisation that sex is a social issue rather it is a marketing strategy aimed at ensuring that corporate firm make the most out of an information conscious society.

Another factor that may be propagating the effects that magazine have on the norms that are adopted by teenagers is the impact that fashion has on the average American teenager (Durham 1996). The need to fit in and be fashionable is highlighted as being a factor that traverses classes in determining the norms that are adopted by teenagers. Both low and upper class teenagers are affected by fashion trends and the need to fit in. The latter aspect is influenced by puberty. Teenagers are affected by the need to fit in which affects the nature of information resources that they have seek and access and the activities that they engage in (Karniol 2001). The fact that most American parents are rarely home and only interact with their children on weekends or outings implies that peers have greater impact on teenagers than their parents. This is highlighted as being central to the observed increase in the number of teenagers that have access to pornography. There has been an increase in the rates at which teenagers and children have access to pornography at all ages. More teenagers have stashes of pornographic material under their beds due to early puberty among American teenagers and increased availability of pornography (Press 2009). Existence of pornographic materials in the society implies that with the right connection and money any one can have access to them. This is the case in other social issues since in most neighbourhoods with the right connection and money anyone old enough to walk to a liquor store can buy liquor. This point to the effect that overall social degeneration and disregard for moral ethics has in propagating the negative affects that magazine has on the norm adopted by teenagers.

In the United States, teenagers spend on average six to seven hours with some form of mass media. Magazines are increasingly being adopted as a media of choice for most teenagers due to increased interest in fashion and entertainment. It is noteworthy that time spent with mass media by American teenagers is representative of over ten times the time that they spend with their parents in a day. It is apparent that magazines, internet and televisions have considerable effect on the view that the American teenager has of the society (Durham 1996).  In the mediated world, sexual talks and displays is increasingly becoming common.

Though television and the internet as mass media are leading in terms of sexual content, magazines are following in the same direction (Machia and Lamb 2009). Despite most mainstream magazines increasing their coverage of social and health issues within the last decade, the adverting and editorial content are in most cases aligned towards sexual content. Teens and women magazines tend to address relationship issues for instance what women should seek from men or what they should do to keep their men. Such sexual content are not missed by teenagers and are in fact read the most in such magazines. Organizations publications and magazines are another source of sexual information for the American teenager (Machia and Lamb 2009). Such publications aim at ensuring that teenager are empowered with the skills required in dealing with the risks associated with unprotected sex and relay information and advice on communication and other strategies that can be used in evading risks associated with risky sexual behaviour.

Entertainment and lifestyle magazines are blamed for their portrayal sex in positive light without highlighting the potential risks associated with it. Air brushed pictures of sexy models that set off pheromones in adolescents are common features in most magazines and are rarely countered by relay of the possible consequences of unwanted sex and teenage pregnancies (Machia and Lamb 2009). While most entertainment and lifestyle magazines easily relay information on stars that have divorced and engaged in one-week marriages, they rarely take their time to address issues that may arise from such marriages for instance the effect of divorces on children and even abortions which is considered an issue that is too controversial for commercial magazines (Press 2009). These double standards are having negative effects on teenagers this is central to the overall negative effect that magazines have on teenagers. This should however not be mistaken as being depictive of the absence of the positive effect of magazines on the American teenager.

The mass media is highlighted as being the most effective avenue through which various social issue that affect American teenager can be addressed. With the adoption of the right approach to presentation and creative presentation, magazines can ensure that teenager are empowered with knowledge on the negative impact of unprotected sex, drug abuse and other social issues that they face (Steele 1999). Having a picture of a teenage mother suffering as a cover for an entertainment magazine once in a while would help remind youth of social issues that they face and help in presenting such messages in a form and language that they can easily understand. This should be adopted as a form of corporate social obligation of the publication firms to the society. Moreover, since magazines are accessed by Americans of different classes, races and experiences they could provide a platform upon which teenagers, can discuss various issues that affect them within the society. Some magazines appear to be taking on these steps though such efforts are limited to subsections of the magazines. Most studies conclude that magazines affect the knowledge that most teenagers have on sex and could impact on their risk of engaging in sex, however few empower teenagers with the knowledge required to be able to deal with risks that they currently face (Press 2009 Durham 1996).

Theorising 
There are various theories that can be adopted in analysing the factors that affect the development of certain behaviours within a group in the society. It is noteworthy that an individual is affected by both internal and external factors that not only affect the perceptions and attitudes that he develops but may also affect gullibility to other factor that may impact on their perception. It is therefore evident that behavioural development and even determination of the effect of an agent on the perceptions and attitudes that are developed by teenagers is a complex agenda that may require multiple theoretical considerations.

The existing studies posit that magazines affect the perceptions and attitudes that are developed by teenagers via affecting their development (Dowd and Pallotta 2000). It is notable that some studies highlight the impact of magazines on young adults as being the integrated effect that it has had form late childhood. The Sigmund Freud as an example of a psychoanalytic child development theory asserts that the experiences that children have in their early years are influential on their development. Exposure of children to sexual content is therefore likely to affect their perception of sex as they grow into adolescence. This is an issue of critical importance considering that children as low as the age of eight years are increasingly being exposed to content that is beyond their age.

Cognitive development theories assert that the interaction between a child and an adolescent with similar environmental and social factors would results in different perceptions. The exposure of a child to pornography is bound to have different impact on his development relative to the effect that it has on an adults. This is an issue that is widely disregarded by most commercially magazines in portraying content meant for adults to children. This is an issue that is of critical importance in the effect that magazines have on children, teenagers and young adults. From this consideration, magazines that have been written exclusively for adult readership may aid in developing knowledge that adults have of social issues whereas the same content and graphics may be negative to a teenagers development. The cognitive behavioural development theory is applicable in analysing the differential effects that magazines have on teenagers with respect to ensuring that they are well prepared to deal with social challenges and propagating risks faced by teenagers.
Behavioural development theory asserts that the environment is highly deterministic of the effects that magazine have on the teenagers. The environment that a child is raised in is deterministic of the meaning that he will derive from a literature piece which determines the effect that it has on their development. This is an assertion that is supported by findings highlighting that White and African Americas females have different translation of information relayed by popular songs. The effects of individual and environmental factors are highly deterministic of the impact that magazines have on the American youth. A theoretical review of the differential impact of magazines on American teenagers and children can be considered a result of difference in content of the magazines and differences resulting from readers internal factors, experiences, age and the environment. These call for considerations on these factors in analysing the impact that magazines have on the norms adopted by American teenagers.

Research Methods
Nearly all Americans have access to and interact with different mass media. The main emphasis in this specific research is the impact that magazines have on the norms adopted by teenagers on sex, love and romance. The inclusion of children in the research is aimed at determining if the effects of magazines on teenagers can be traced back to their childhood. Since there are recorded positive and negative effects, to determine the net effect of magazines on the norms adopted by teenagers would require a quantitative research approach. This is mainly because statistical analysis is independent of researchers input and would therefore improve the validity of the results. A quantitative research design will be adopted in the study. A survey will aid in carrying out the study and will involve children and teenagers. It is worth noting that since teenagers and children are below the age of consent, parental consent will be required.

Operationalization
Teenagers are defined as participants over the age of 11 years and below the age of twenty years. Children are defined as participants over the age of eight years and below the age of 11 years. Both male and female participants will be involved in the study. It is worth noting that there are various factor that have been highlighted as potentially influential on the perception that are developed by teenagers and children of sex, love and romance as a result of interactions with magazines. The effects of these factors which include age, race, sex and socioeconomic background will also be determined.

Data Collection and Measurement
Data collections will mainly involve the use of questionnaires. A criterion that will be used in choosing the participants is asking if they have ever read a magazine. The data collection will involve house to house survey of the target group within randomly selected neighbourhoods in New York. In a case where the participant is not able to fill the questionnaire due to writing problems especially for children under the age of ten years, the researcher will intervene by asking the questions and noting their response. The house to house approach in data collection is adopted mainly because it ensure ease in gaining consent from parents by personally explaining the aims of the study before seeking their consent. Moreover, the use of questionnaire in a case where interviews would be feasible is because some teenagers shy from talking of sex especially in the presence of their guardians or parents. The use of questionnaires is therefore aimed at ensuring objectivity since it ensures increased confidence by the respondents this is important in ensuring accuracy and therefore validity of the results.

An ordinal level of measurement will be used in the study. It is worth noting that the study captures the perceptions of the respondents which will be quantified with the aid of likert-type questions. Administration of likert-type questions via the questionnaires will aid in quantifying perceptions and is a form of ordinal level measurement. It is noteworthy that all respondents will be involved in data analysis.

Data Analysis
The questions asked in data collection involve determining the extent to which children can attribute their knowledge and involvement in sexual activity on magazines. Moreover, statement of knowledge acquired from magazines relating to sex, romance and dating will be characteristic of the questionnaires. Descriptive analysis involving dot plots and use of graphs will be used in summarising the knowledge that the target population has gained as a result of reading magazines. On the other hand, chi-square analysis will be used to determine if the gains made by the target groups as a result of reading magazines are significant. T-tests will be used in testing the hypothesis relating to differential impact of reading magazines depending on race, socioeconomic status, gender and age.

Validity and Reliability
Validity of the study is ensured by using questionnaires that ensures correct data entry and facilitating entry of data in cases where respondents are unable to. These measures affect the accuracy of the data entered and therefore the validity of the data. On the other hand, children have been included in research as a control group which is aimed at ensuring consistency of the results. It is worth noting that the consistency of the results affects reliability of the study. Use of primary data developed from the largest possible proportion of the population aids in ensuring reliability and validity of the study.

Ethical Considerations
The study has ensures that various ethical considerations are included in the methodology. Seeking consent from the parents and explaining the aims ensures informed consent which is an important ethical consideration. Moreover, confidentiality of the respondents will be protected by ensuring that names and personal identification details of the respondents are not recorded.

Hypotheses
The following hypothesis will guide the study
Teenagers involvements and knowledge of sexual activity, romance and dating is significantly affected by reading magazines.

Age is significantly influential on the knowledge and impact that reading magazines has on teenagers.

Socioeconomic background is significantly influential on the knowledge and impact that reading magazines has on teenagers.

Race is significantly influential on the knowledge and impact that reading magazines has on teenagers.
Gender is significantly influential on the knowledge and impact that reading magazines has on teenagers.

Speculative Conclusion
The results are in line with the existing studies that have shown that magazines are greatly influential on the perceptions, attitudes and norms that are developed by teenagers regarding social issues. By considering sex as an indicator to social issues, the study reveals that magazines have considerable impact on the norms that are adopted by teenagers. The significance difference resulting from socioeconomic considerations, age and race may be attributed to the effect of the environment, parental involvements and mental development with age. The existence of an insignificant difference in the effect of magazines on the norms that male and female teenagers develop may be due to increased access by both boys and girls to different forms of magazines.

This is a finding that is contrary to results developed from past studies which calls for increased research in this area to determine causes of this observed development. Moreover, teenagers relay both positive and negative gains in knowledge and involvement in activities resulting from reading magazines. This relays the fact that the content of the magazine is influential on the effect that it has on teenagers which is an area that the society must be wary of and should be addressed. There is therefore need for further research on the causes of the insignificant difference between the effect that magazines have on teenage boys and girls and the development of practical strategies aimed at ensuring that the content of magazines is analysed to determine the effect that it would have on teenagers. The latter requirement requires the input of publishing houses, development of policies by state and federal governments which guard against inclusion of sexual material without highlighting dangers associated with sex and parents in determining the kind of magazines that their children have access to.

The relation of oneself to oneself must be understood as talking to oneself, and this in turn is to be understood as the internalization of communicative talking to others.  Thus, it is essentially both linguistically and socially conditioned.  But for Mead the reverse of this conditional relation is equally operative  only beings that can relate themselves to themselves by virtue of their capacity to talk to themselves can speak the specifically human form o language and can have the specifically human or normative form of sociality.

Mead says that it is the characteristic of the self as an object to itself.  It is reflexive and indicates that which can be both subject and object.  The human being may perceive himself, have conceptions of himself, communicate with himself and act toward himself.  The human being therefore may become the object of his own action.  This gives him the means of interacting with himself  addressing himself, responding to the address and addressing himself again.  Therefore Mead saw the self as a process and not as a structure.  

The Self in Sigmund Freuds Social Thought
Freud developed an understanding of the self based on the power exercised over the mind by drives and passions rooted in the body.  At the same time, Freud considered the other dimensions that mold self-existence.  He pinpointed the particular role of reflectivity in forming and re-forming the self.

In the course of the therapy Freud conducted he relied on holding a mirror up to the psychic interior of his patients. He made them expand the power of their desire to enlist the mind for its own hidden and devious ends.  In the latter part of Freuds career, he sought to strengthen the claims of psychoanalysis to provide a theory of normal psychology by rooting the egos ability to gain distance from the conflicts that threatened it deep inside the unconscious, where self-command could never throw off its servitude to the erotic and destructive energies form which it had to draw its power.  Freud illustrated human drama in terms of an essentially mythical struggle between cosmic instincts of life and death.

The dynamics of the concept of self by Freud were not created only by his attempt to gain a deeper insight into the role desire played in forming it, but equally by the effects of this revision on the selfs other elements, particularly on the reflectivity whose essential part in self-formation and reformation he always recognized. His was a theory of the self that gave close attention various dimensions that simultaneously assigned crucial tasks to reflectivity and heightened the power that bodily being in tension with social existence exercised over it.