Sociology

With the recognition of the importance of innovation in as far as firms survival and its role in determining social and economic revolution, Hung goes ahead to describe the way innovations came up, how they develop as well as the path they take as they grow. In discussing the innovation process, he proposes a model whereby the tenets of innovation (i.e. action and structure) are brought together to co work in achieving this. In essence, Hungs article is a focus on the relationship between action-structure as well as cause-effect in the process of innovation.

Article summary
Hung defines innovation as described in related literature as a new idea, practice or object. This article explores the relationship between peoples actions and structures thereof as far as innovation is concerned. It is an appraisal that innovation in any industry follows a particular path of which the path is non-reversible and contingent. Entrepreneurs are brought on board as actors in the innovation process who initiate creative destruction whereby qualitative change is achieved through destroying an old economic structure and erecting a new structure. Three actors are recognized in the innovation process including sponsors and stakeholders, technology commercializing actors and users of a particular technology. Hung however recognizes that even with these actors, innovation has to be based on regime, paradigm and tradition.

For the above three factors to reign over time, dominant designs have to keep on coming up while technological cues have to also prevail. A technological path that actors actions uphold and transform holds regime, paradigm and history together. Hung describes the model of technological path which as opposed to the static evolutionary path is a dynamic one that recognizes the connection between human action and social structure in shaping innovation. Actions are taken as a form of destruction and the change while structure connotes order as stipulated by rules and stability as enabled by resources. Hung therefore insists that actions, rules and resources are the pillars of a technology path.

Aspects of a technology path
Under action, Hung argues that innovation is a result of the coming in of many actors and innovators. With many actors, it is possible to come up with creativity and transformation since they are able to make tactical choices and differences. The article appreciates that a technologically uncertain period is bound to exist but not exceeding the time when a dominant technology comes up that guides other innovations. Central to action is that it is a creative destructive process.

Hung argues that the rules pillar is born from actions as these are determinant of the decisions that are made in a firm. Rules are appreciated as important in maintaining orderliness in the innovation process. Rules are also known to vary with technology and incidents and these cannot be absolutely predetermined. Hung points out that structures that are laid up today determines the actions taken tomorrow.

Resources have been cited as important in creative action of innovation. Hung stresses on the need to legitimize the resources so as to attract others to join the development process as well as to ensure the general formulae are followed. Central to resources is the need to network actors. Hugh suggests that networking will enhance trust since the institutions can set standards and guidelines as well as handle rather difficult tasks. Knowledge as a resource is also able to be shared among all actors. Networking also helps in accessing institutional capital and instituting market contracts.

Conclusively, Hung proposes the new model due to the strengths that it has and the potential it holds for the innovation process.

It is appreciable that Hungs proposal is based on cited examples such as the innovation in the information technology sector as well as the communication sector whereby the interrelationship between action and structure in shaping innovation path is clearly seen. There are however questions on whether this is the universal rule in every sector of the economy. For instance, would innovation in the textile industry take the same route of development putting into consideration the aspect of the differences in culture along in this sector

Although Hungs work is very solid on the impact that todays actions can have on tomorrows structure, he barely talks on the effects that todays structure is likely to have on actions regarding tomorrows actions in the innovation trajectory. He therefore does not highlight clearly the relationship between action and structure.

Among the main strengths of the model as proposed by Hung is the relationship between the three building blocks of innovation. The place of actions in determining the decisions that are made by a firms management is commendable with those actions setting the ground for setting rules governing innovation of which may change depending on circumstances. The place of resources is also not left out for without considering such, innovation comes to a stand still.

In conclusion, there is no doubt that Hungs work is an evolutionary model that is able to change organizational structure as it appreciates the creative destructive process of innovation.

For the widespread adoption of a new scientific technology it is important to take public into confidence and for that a proper communication of a technology is important , sometimes when this is not been done , the outright rejection of the technology is possible. The fear of adoption plays a tremendous role in almost every new scientific breakthrough.

It can be easily said that newer generation is quicker to adapt to change in scientific discoveries however, technological discoveries are much easily accepted such as cell phone, internet and computer. Now we see even people of older age using Ipod and Iphone and texting.

In this essay we will look at several recent discoveries and their widespread adoption or rejection based on the proper communication of their basic scientific idea. If the scientific idea has been propagated in a good manner or if the technology has been very favorable than it has been adopted widely else it has been rejected.

Scientific Discoveries
The world has progressed at a tremendous rate thanks to the advancement of science. Today the world we see is because of the past discoveries such as antibiotics.

Computer internet communication has made the integration of the technologies easier as people can read more about the pros and cons. Today a major problem of communicating the scientific ideas to the public exists in an appropriate manner so that the technology is accepted and utilized.

For example the whole world thinks that the nuclear power is horrific but this isnt true, today 14 of the electricity is produced through nuclear power but unfortunately it has been advertized in a incorrect manner and the common people think that nuclear power is bad and it is used only to make weapons which is not true at all.

Another example could be of Viagra which has largely been considered a drug that is used to enhance the sexual powers but in effect its use is prohibited without the proper recommendation of the physician as this drug is used to tread erectile dysfunction and if used otherwise could be a reason leading to death.

The concept of test tube table when first developed took the world to surprise and many considered it as a form of adultery but the science had advanced so much that it was possible for the couple to have a baby even though if they had some deficiencies, this important scientific contribution was important to be communicated to the public.

Similarly for a long period of time it was debated that global warming was actually occurring but now it is an established fact that global warming is actually occurring. It was important to communicate and make the public realize this fact because the way we are living needs to be change significantly. It means that we cannot have gasoline based cars and instead the cars with chargeable batteries would be introduced and promoted. This idea is necessary because if we want to make our world a better place to live we need to take some radical actions and this is possible only if these scientific ideas are properly communicated to the public at large.

A recent scientific discovery that Marijuana provides relief to patients who are suffering from cancer, AIDS, and even depression is a major discovery and it is important to communicate  this discovery effectively to the public that its use can help the suffering community but for a very long time Marijuana has been considered as an illicit drug and it is very difficult to change the publics perception. In US today when the government has been communicated the importance of Marijuana very well and they are considering to make the use of Marijuana legal   It has been found very difficult to change the perception of the general public about it.

We can easily see from the above discussed scientific discoveries that any scientific discovery can become controversial if it is not correctly communicated or advertised. It has also been seen that the general public is able to adopt a technological change much more easily than  any scientific advancement.

Conclusion
In this essay we discussed several examples of  important scientific discoveries that needed to be properly communicated to the public for their proper adoption and that too because of the good of the humanity, when the technologies are not communicated well these were out rightly rejected by the people. We are bound to say in the end that without a proper communication of the importance of any new scientific discovery it would be impossible to bring it into acceptable use and something that is not seen with the eyes of suspicion. The public support is important for the advancement of the technology and eradicating fear is the key to ending resistance to new scientific breakthroughs.

This article by Mort Meyerson is a prime example of an actual paradigm shift in leadership from one that is autocratic where power is centralized on the hands of the leader to one that is democratic where the leader shares power by involving his or her employees in the decision making. This kind of leadership is needed in the new organizational landscape and which is what Meyer describes in this article.

I am in agreement with Meyerson of the need for this kind of leadership in this new environment. Nowadays, in order for an organization or a company to be successful, it must not limit itself to creating profit and driving its people to work for profit because, it is true, that economic success is not the only end for which people work. Employees have lives beyond the four corners of the office and being rich does not guarantee satisfaction. As Meyer posed, employees do not have to be miserable in order to get rich. Being given a say in the policies being implemented in the company, employees can grow with the company which is a good thing as they are supposed the companys primary asset.

Meyersons position that one can be successful without punishing customers is also very commendable and is parallel with the values incorporated in democratic leadership. The article is a very good attestation of the results of this shift in leadership when applied to a company, in this case, to Perot Systems.  Respecting customers does not only guarantee one time profit, it leads to a longer and more productive relationship.

LEADERSHIP AND VISION IN DISASTERS WAKE
In this article, Rondinelli and Maniccia propose a plan for the rebuilding of the site of the World Trade Center citing the need of the leaders to see beyond the rubble of the destroyed WTC. The importance of vision in leadership was cited and which is very apt as in an event such as this one, it is easy to get drowned in hopelessness and pessimism. The article itself presents a vision of reestablishing the site as the countrys center for global commerce, trade and finance to the leaders who will take up the job of rehabilitation.

More important to my humble opinion than the infrastructure and technological plans presented in the paper is the need for the leaders to determine first what they envision of the WTC site after the rehabilitation. This vision will provide the blueprint of what needs to be done. In this case, the site is envisioned to be an incubator of technological innovation, a test bed for advanced transportation and infrastructure and a center for human resources. Whether, the leaders take up this vision or not, I think the underlying message of hope is clearly presented in the paper and which is vital to the rehabilitation.

1. Rosabeth Moss Kanters explanation cannot be achieved by sudden strokes, but by long and deliberate planning and execution.  It is something that some impatient and quick-stroke idealists would balk at, as they would cite that sometimes, sudden change has happened in organizations.  However, She cites globalization and technology as two forces for changes, which I find very agreeable.  Some have the impression that globalization happened overnight.  However, upon closer study, it is actually a process that had gone over many years of history.  The world as an organization had itself naturally gone through change.  I do find less agreeable in Kanters article that resistance is low to natural change.  It is easier to observe that resistance to change is much more natural, and thus, deliberate change becomes difficult to implement.  Natural change can happen, but it can go against the organizations purposes or good.  Kanters tips on change management shows that organizational change does not depend on only the kind of change, but the way it is executed, and even this is a careful step-by-step process to tackle.

2. I agree with most of Kotters article on the point that no organization is immune to change.  But he makes a greater point with the idea that managing change is less than simple. Often, managers and administrators tend to see change as something very simple to do, but this is often the result of emotion, and this is a dangerous way to make decisions in business.  The tips Kotter gives on communication show that mistakes such as depending on memos and looking for villains are influenced by emotion.  Kotter thus goes for reasoned communication for step-by-step change.  I find his point that time management is an important factor very relevant.  Time itself cannot be managed, so the phrase is a misnomer.  It actually means that the time allotted to change management must be appropriate and enough.  Change is rarely successful when done instantly.  It is a process done with deliberate communication and discussion, a long process with many steps, which is what Kotter seems to imply.

To what extent can a terrorist threat be manufactured by the news media

I believe that the term Terrorism has gained momentum after the attacks on September 11. According to the unwritten rules of nature, no person has the right to take the life of another person if she cannot return it with due respect. The media plays a pivotal role in painting the image of terrorism. The media is doing a business after all. A coin has two faces. Similarly, media is always not pristine and transparent as we think it appears to be. Instead, the terrorist attack is mainly motivated by constant needling by the media. The primary question that still persists is did media make an attempt to figure out why the 911 attacks took place If not, why

We are cognizant about the fact that terrorism is malice to the society. After the attacks of September 11, terrorism has become directly associated with Islam. I would like to stress this, as Islam is an ideology. Terrorism is not justifiable in Islam. To corroborate my statement I may refer to the book Islam Forbids Terrorism written by Harun Yahya. Now if media reports vaguely about terrorism then it can further instigate the entire community. A simple term, like Islamic terrorism, can create quite a stir in the Muslim community. An old saying goes An eye for an eye will make the whole world blind.  Thus, the notion Islamic terrorism, if propagated by the media, can create a sense of insecurity, as the whole world will denounce Islam as a religion of hatred and, on the other hand, all the followers of Islam would see it as an attempt by the western media to stigmatize the Holy religion of Islam. Thus, I strongly believe that if media are not responsible for its propaganda, then it can instigate an ideological war under the name of terrorism.

Dr. Elizabeth Poole has studied representations of Islam and Muslims in British newspapers over the last 20 years, and also how different groups within the British public interpret these changing representations. Poole found out that the extent to which individuals accepted the dominant negative press representation of Islam and Muslims depended on the extent to which they had an access to alternative sources of knowledge. Thus, individuals who had no regular contact with Muslims largely accepted the dominant press. Individuals who had contact with Muslims but lacked knowledge of Islam tended to accept press representations of the religion, but held positive attitudes to multiculturalism, including their Muslim contacts. Muslims generally rejected the negative press discourses, but where the press covered events in Muslim countries they did not know.

Let us take the example of Iraq war. Kellner notes how other non-US networks, such as Canadas CBC, used a more neutral and moderated language (War on Iraq) than the US networks (War in Iraq, Operation Iraqi Freedom). The War in Iraq can be misconstrued by the Arab world as an attempt by the west to shake the sovereignty and integrity of their countries. Because the primary reason, for which the war was waged on Iraq, could not be justified.  

Let us also not forget that media are not just meant for reporting but also to make money. They are owned by megabuck magnates with an aim to get their cash registers ringing. They understand that truth is stranger than fiction. The amount of money involved is quite significant and business is quite volatile. They are directly or indirectly dependent on government for feeds and if they are in a war zone. It is also crucial to recognise the fact that it is quite arduous to eliminate the feelings of patriotism of a reporter. Somewhere down the line every reporter is human. The pressure to perform or perish always exists.
                                                               
In the war zone where there is no control how you could possibly accept correct reporting by the reporters. Warzones have no rules and reporters are shielded by the military. Romilly Weekss and Juliet Bremners accounts in the Lewis et al. reading reveal how the military have tried to directly censor (blue-pencil) or control journalists reporting. Furthermore, the military may try and influence the news agenda by providing certain positive stories which are fed to journalists in an attempt to present military activity in a favorable light. Thus, at times the stories are completely fabricated and there is not even an aorta of truth that can be discovered.

Just like every Muslim cant be alleged as a Terrorist similarly every reporter cannot be maligned of being venal. Some journalist endeavour to report correctly, but, unfortunately, their reports are kept under wraps. In May 2003, the BBC journalist Andrew Gilligan accused the British Prime Minister Tony Blair of publicly lying. Gilligan stated that Blair used claims from a dossier he knew were inaccurate to justify the war in Iraq. The central, disputed claim was that Saddam Hussein could launch missiles against the British targets within 45 minutes. This began a battle between the BBC and Blair government in which the Director General of the BBC lost his job a scientist advising the government, David Kelly, took his own life and a major enquiry into the build-up to war was conducted (the Hutton Enquiry). The case is interesting, because the BBC is funded by the British state (or its taxpayers), yet must demonstrate its independence. It did so here by playing an oppositional role to the Prime Minister himself.  

People set their opinions about anything only on the basis of media reports. But gone are those days when people have to rely on just selected channels. Internet has become a vital tool for people to view things from different perspectives. The emergence of al-Jazeera (English) and several video sharing sites, like YouTube, daily motion has played a vital role in bringing the real truth and the perspective of people all over the globe.

The state will, in the face of a terrorist threat, inevitably have to restrict civil liberties. Is such an opinion defensible

As an old saying goes Great things are not done by impulse, but by a series of small things put together. We are cognizant about the repercussions of terrorist attacks. These attacks are capricious, and there is no definite way to put a hold on to these terrorist attacks. But if proper steps are taken, then we can make efforts to prevent such attacks. Prevention is better than cure. I believe that even if that requires curbing some of the civil liberties then it shouldnt be much of an issue. But these rights shouldnt inhibit the privacy or hurt the religious sentiments. But it is very important that the rights are subjected to limits and shouldnt be unfair.

In the recent past, France has imposed restrictions on women wearing veil. This, on one side, may appear to be a move to free women from any kind of bounds, but, on the other side, it may create a sense of suspicion in the minds of Muslims. This move prohibits the right to religion and right to freedom in some way or the other. But most importantly it is type casting all the Muslims as terrorists. The primary objective in restricting civil liberties is to filter all the suspicious elements of the society. But these rights must be applied with an aim to build trust among all the community members. The thread of trust is very critical, because if it is not maintained then it can entangle with misunderstanding and end up breaking. Thus, while doing any change in the civil rights the government must make sure that it takes along with it the people of the country.

The Terrorism Bill, 2005, the fourth major piece of anti-terrorist legislation since 2000. This legislation proposed to extend the length of time that suspects could be held without charge from 14 to 90 days, and created new offences of glorifying or inciting terrorism, attending a terrorist training camp or making preparations for acts of terrorism. These proposals extended and deepened challenges to traditional civil liberties in Britain, but in the context of changed rules. The prime minister lost the vote in the House of Commons on the 90 days detention proposal in November 2005, though he fought for it vehemently in the face of a likely defeat.

The fact that the bill was not passed at first does not prove that people of Britain are not anxious to save the country from terrorism. Instead, they unequivocally perceive the fact those 90 days of detention is unfair.  But the positive side is that they do not abnegate it completely. They have developed a consensus over permitting 28 days of detention.

An important question that one needs to pay heed to is Do we really need these laws  The answer is unanimous. The threat posed has both domestic and international elements, with a complex interaction between them. The response, too, needs to be broad-ranging and coherent. This has prompted a public articulation of the strategy1 and measures to strengthen still further the capacity across government to develop and deliver the plans and programmes necessary to achieve the strategy.

The core issue still revolves around terrorism. Terrorism has no face, no religion and no rules. The country is fighting blindly. Terrorism is like can cancer. We cannot afford to treat it with a pain balm. What we need is a comprehensive chemotherapy. Thus, restricting the civil liberties is a part of nullifying the chances of a terrorist attack. In the counter-terrorist context, the Governments response has been framed in terms of four interlinked goals and policies, laws and programmes to give effect to them

1. Preventing terrorism by tackling the factors, which influence individuals to become extremists and potentially to move on to terrorist action itself.
2. Pursuing terrorists and those who sponsor them.
3. Protecting the public, key national services and British interests overseas.
4. Preparing for the consequences of a terrorist attack.

Two of these four Ps seek to tackle and reduce the threat, and two to mitigate the consequences of any attack.

The Prevent element of the Governments counter-terrorism strategy identifies three principal strands of effort whose breadth illustrates the extent of the challenge

Tackling disadvantage and supporting reform  addressing structural problems in the UK and overseas that may contribute to radicalization, such as inequalities and discrimination.

Deterring those who facilitate terrorism and those who encourage others to become terrorists - changing the environment in which seeking to turn others towards extremism and terrorist violence can operate.
Engaging in the battle of ideas - challenging the ideologies that extremists believe can justify the use of violence, primarily by helping Muslims who wish to dispute these ideas to do so.

By curbing some of the civil rights we are giving ourselves an opportunity to get to the grassroots of terrorist attack. The curbing of rights clearly helps in creating that filter between common man and the terrorists.

We all have to subscribe to the saying Its better to be safe than be sorry. I strongly support every effort that government takes in safeguarding the sovereignty of our nation keeping in view that they take all the people of the country together. In addition to this, we must all admit that we dont have a choice. The common man is helpless. It can neither compete with the government nor with the terrorists nor can it stand along with the terrorist. So it apt for it to cooperate and adhere to the laws formed by the government.

Divorce is a major problem in present society that is spreading at an alarming rate, and in most cases, the most affected are the children. This paper is going to examine the relationship between coming from a divorced home and different social and relationship development. It will be based on the social, relationship and academic aspects of life. One can hypothesize that if somebody comes from a divorced home, heshe can exhibit a lower-level of maturity in relationship, lack of self-esteem, and increased social activity with comparison to someone from an intact-home. There is a negligible variation between children from divorced homes and non-intact homes in terms of their relationships, family and social characteristics. Introduction

In the world of nowadays, divorce is a common phenomenon. Several children are raised in single-parent homes, and this has an effect on their development. When parents divorce, the development of children is disrupted and many usually find it hard to adjust to this situation. As adults and teenagers, still related problems are often experienced by children of divorce. One has to therefore understand about its social impacts in order for himher reduce the social effects of divorce.

According to Stevenson and Black, Divorce can be defined as a legal disbanding of a valid marriage, in which the marriage is considered as being invalid, that is it leaves the partners the authority to re-marry. Divorce has existed in most communities but with variations in its availability on the ground. The western concept of divorce has been affected by religious beliefs as they deem marriage as a covenant that is not supposed to be taken slightly. The most widely accepted ground for divorce is adultery, others include conviction of serious crimes cruelty desertion alcoholism and insanity. Social functioning can be defined through measures like how much an individual likes to go out with people how social an individual is and how vital it is to maintain a social life. This paper is going to examine divorce as a social problem.

The causes of Divorce
Most parents show pretence encompassing motives that are selfish such as marrying somebody because shehe is from an affluent family, but they do not understand each other over their dislikes and the likes. As a social problem, the high rates of divorce in societies and nations are as a result of these problems of couples seeking for a marriage type that is ideal. Thereby, wives and husbands do not tolerate each other. Most couples do not have a religious conscious. Often, they do not attend marriage seminars and seek pastoral counseling in order to build-up spiritually for handling marital challenges or problems that may occur from outside colleagues and friends. Moreover, some marriages are based on unselfish choice while others by parents forcing their daughters to marry because of their marital gains.

Divorce-A Social Problem
Divorce is a major social problem in the world. Many social problems have lead to many divorces in the world. According to the Annual Review of Psychology, it states that most individuals who have experienced high nervousness life-events, such as divorce, usually develop problems. When parents divorce, their children, who are on adolescence stage, develop problems such as depression, which can then persist into adulthood. Morris and Steinberg state that family-divorce usually changes the inception of puberty and adolescents, who are from environments with higher conflicts, will mature faster and earlier. Stevenson and Black elaborate that children differ in their test-scores in regards to whether they come from a home that is affected by divorce or from an intact home. Adolescents with no close friends are influenced more by their families other than their peers, but those adolescents that are from families that have been affected by divorce are influenced more by their peers.

A study by McCabe and Richardson on behavioral-adjustment of post- divorce children, which focused more on the kind of living arrangement that is present after divorce, emphasized on the perspective of the systems. In regards to this perspective, if one part of the system is altered, all parts of the system will be affected because they are interrelated. Divorce is an alteration in the system of a family, and the children will experience the alterations in all other aspects of life at the time of divorce. This alteration will encompass the social functioning and development of a child. Divorce is an event that is significant to a child s life, and it is the one that alters the way a child relates to hisher surroundings, which are basically social thus the operations in this areas is effected. These social impacts can be long-term problems that are capable of lingering into adulthood.

Both long-term and short-term adjustments are affected by divorce. In regards to the study conducted by McCabe and Richardson on the effects of parental divorce, intimacy, and conflict with parents during adolescent stage, they observed that adolescence is the time of change and divorce facilitates this adjustment. Moreover, conflicts within a home can have negative effects on interpersonal relationships. Stevenson and Black argue that interpersonal relationships are predicted by parent child relations basing on the following aspects of life self-concept life satisfaction same-sex relations depression opposite-sex relation anxiety and stress. As Jaquet and Surra assert, individuals from divorced families display little trust in their relationships, thereby, weakening their relationships. Moreover, young adults that come from divorced homes are less-likely to be committed to their relationships and most women from divorced homes feel insecure while relating with men.

As a social problem, divorce has affected families in both Third World and developed nations of the world. Most communities fully support marriage and most individuals are likely to marry once they get to a certain age. Nowadays, most marriages are in divorce, which is a characteristic of today marriages. Individuals of all social class have experienced this social problem despite the fact that they have undertaken court, traditional marriages. Nowadays, a series of divorce are not only threatening the very foundation of marriage institution, but is only rampant. Initially, family units were held with secrecy and respect among the ancestors of our society. Individuals in the society that married couples were supposed to be loyal and faithful to their spouses. In view of the fact that marriage was deemed as a life-time commitment, most persons supported and embraced its stability. Several children experience family description because their parents are divorced. Furthermore, the affected children move into a more dilapidated and crowded housing that has more overcrowding and noise. As a result, they may be less healthy and suffer from severe neglect and strain.

Social Effects of Divorce
Women are not only suffering from poverty, but they also loose their social support, especially from ex-partners. Women with little employment experience and the elderly women have a more difficult time because they suffer more, at least in their first two years of their divorce. The rates of alcohol abuse among divorced women usually increase together with their general feeling of being unhealthy. Though, if one decides to remain in a marriage that is bad, the same noxious effects will be produced.

The Social Effects of Divorce on Children
Sociologist and the public are greatly concerned with children because they are the cardinal front once the family is divorced. There is a widespread trauma that is experienced by children at the time of divorce. Any time a family experiences a trauma of divorce, the first thought would be whether ones quality of marriage affects the children. Jaquet and Surra agree that children of parents that are not happy typically have high heart rates during playful interactions and cannot soothe themselves. Nonetheless, a significant reduction in financial constrains as well as poverty often are as a result of divorce and is the main cause of children s problems. The negative consequences of children in poverty are similar to those of children in poverty. When children are poor at the time of divorce, they experience several problems in their-likes. This is due to the fact that divorce is a series of transitions but not a single event. As Black and Stevenson, puts it, not less than 3 percent of women move together with their children after separation, into a more dilapidated and crowded housing that is more polluted and noisy. As a result they may become unhealthy due to stress with comparison to their neighbors who may be unsafe, have more children, and engage more in activities that are delinquent.

The custodial guardians of a divorced family find it difficult to make ends meet and this makes them to work for long hours. On returning home, they are too tired and typically have little time to devote to their children. Therefore, poor children of divorced parents receive little affection, attention, encouragement, guidance and supervision. Their social life is affected. The remaining single parent cannot monitor and sponsor hisher children school progress for various reasons such as not supervising when they are out of school as they may be on the streets, they may be alone (at home), or they may be with press unsupervised. Children who are not supervised are likely to engage in delinquent activities that may encompass stealing sexual activities drug abuse and violence.

The social problem caused by divorce on children is that of disposition of children that are raised in a single-parent family and is likely to suffer from parental protection, love and guidance. The probability of those children not attending school on a regular basis, and them not being nutritionally led, may be high. Both parents tend to pull the children apart with regard to their welfare and custody despite the ruling by the court in such a matter. The children are placed at disadvantaged position with regards to their normal development. Children from divorced marriages are likely to derail parental expectations and norms. As Surra and Jaquet assert, moral values have been worsened and be infectious as an open cough, which concurs with parental protection and care that is constantly lacking.

The Social Effects of Divorce on Couples
Those involved in divorce do regret their actions due to many difficulties they encounter after being divorced. The marital freedom prize is usually high even when the family is childless other than when divorce has occurred. The social effects of divorce to divorces are worth mentioning. When a family breaks, the whole chain of social relationship is also broken for the involved parties in the divorce-case. After divorce, the children custody is an unresolved problem among the divorced couples especially with regard to the children s welfare. Women are the ones who suffer more from divorce, and the father s neglect over the autodial offspring by the mother regularly. Often, after divorce, children are told to stay with the family of their mother until the financial status of their father is improved.

A series of social problems for a parent, specifically for single-custodial parents are created by divorce. These problems may encompass increasing parenting permissiveness instability or harshness and decreasing parenting skills, time, and affection. After divorce, most parents encounter a downfall in their children s ability, to provide them with a routine that is regular. They are psychologically and emotionally destabilized particularly the woman as she encounters a downfall in her capability to take care of her children if her divorced husband refuses to do so.

Divorce should not be constructed from any flimsy or minor reason constant misunderstanding between wife and husband can lead to their differences. When one is taking about the social problems of divorce, the biggest repercussion of broken homes and divorce is poverty. A vast number of individuals who reside in poverty are single-mothers, and many of them end up in poverty as a consequence of divorce.

Conclusion
Divorce has much to do with social structure, belief and social values that exist within a marriage thereby, making it a social problem. The degree of prudent judgment among spouses, capability, understanding, tolerance, and humility, will determine the strength of marriage bond, which will further determine the rate of divorce. In my opinion, divorce is the main contributor to alcohol and drug problems and teenage pregnancy problems because children need guidance and monitoring from parents on in regards to their social life.

As the conflict between science, nature, and ethical issues increase, a new twist has been added to this conflict with scientific discovery which shows that parents can now choose the sex of their child. A report released by house committee in 2005 showed that the parliamentary committee had given light to parents be allowed to choose the sex of their child. MPs argued that there has been great discontent in families regarding the sex of their children and allowing parents to choose the sex of their children will play an important role to help parents balance their families. However, it is widely believed that the House of Commons Science and Technology committee had disagreed on the issue and half of the committee members disagree with this decision owing to ethical issues.  Although the committee argued that the technology has been proved to be safe, effective, and reliable, there are ethical and social issues which could be great impediments to its implementation. Either, the implementation of this policy is likely to results to social chaos rather than achieve family balance as has been argued by the committee.  This is against nature and turns children to consumer items. It could give place for gender stereotypes and its also against moral and ethical issues in the society. Despite gaining support from MPs, the policy should not be implemented and hence parents should not be allowed to choose the sex of their children.

Reasons why parents should not be allowed to choose sex of their child
Parents should not be allowed to choose the sex of their children since this is against ethics.  As the committee members pointed out, one of the greatest impediments in implementation of such policies in the society has been taboos and moral issues that people hold dear to and which govern their life. This means that these morals are the fabric that holds the society together and putting in place policies that goes against them amounts to breaking the society. Moral ethics dictate that people dont dictate the sex of their children (Kalb and Springen, 2004). This rule, although not clear for many people put some governance in the society. For example if it cost money to change the sex of the child, what about those who dont have money  This is likely to create imbalance in the society. Also moral ethics are closely intertwined with religious beliefs, and this policy amounts to breaking of religious beliefs. Religiously, Gods is considered the sole creator and determiner of sex.  Implementation of this policy will therefore break religious beliefs which are part of society moral ethics.

The sex of a child is determined by nature and therefore allowing parents to determine the sex of their children will distract nature. For a long time, man has interfered with nature and man has paid dearly for this.  There are many instances where interference with natural order of things has led to adverse effects.  This means that despite the assurance from the committee that this technology is deemed safe, very little research has been carried on the effect of the policy of natural order of things.  Nature has regulated a balance between male and females, although it has been beyond the knowledge of man why and how this is regulated. In other words, there are many things in creation that are beyond the control of man and attempts to control them may end up bringing more adverse effects. For example what will happened when majority of parents chose to have boy child and at the end, the world will have more males that females Will this not mean the end of human species In order to preserve the natural order of things as man found them, parents should not be allowed to determine the sex of their children.

Children and gender has been a controversial issue in many families. There are families that have been broken down because of this issue. However, this does not mean that parents should have the authority to determine the sex of their children as this is not a solution but another problem adding to gender and children issues. Take an example of a family which cannot agree on the sex of their child. Husband and wife want different sexes and no one is read to back off. This will create more instability in the family unlike in instances where determination of sex is a factor of nature. Furthermore, this policy is likely to turn children into a consumer item which degrades the value of sex in human life.   It will also give a chance for propagation of gender stereotypes where more families may prefer having children of one gender. On average it has been estimated that more families would prefer to have a boy children. In the long run, this will create gender imbalance in the society and further degrade or raise the value of one gender.  To preserve the stability of the family, parents should not be allowed to choose the sex of their children.

Conclusion
The passage of a policy by MPs that parents should be allowed to choose the sex of their child has raised a number of issues. This policy was meant to create stability in the family but in the long run it may bring more problems in the society than the intended advantages. Parents should not be allowed to choose the sex of their child since this is against the moral ethics of the society and goes against the nature.  It is also likely to make children consumer items creating instability in families and degrading the value of gender in the society.

A lot of research has been conducted and hypothesis formulated to determine whether delinquent peer associations precede delinquency or vice versa. Another concern is how age influences delinquency and the interactivity or linkage among age, peer association, and delinquency. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to bring to fore, the various researches, theories and hypothesis that invariably throw more light on this issue.  

According to research done by Warr, delinquency escalates rapidly as individuals enter their teen years and then declines almost as rapidly as they enter their late teens and early twenties. A possible explanation for this in my opinion is that youngsters in their early teens tend to be more adventurous and experimental. They are also easily influenced to try out new habits-good or bad- since often times, they are not experienced enough to know or care about the consequences of their actions. However, as they grow older and of course learn by experience, they inadvertently develop a more matured and balanced approach to the everyday choices they make.

On another note, the fact that a peer group that you belong to engages in unlawful activities helps to validate its relevance and the feeling that it probably is the cool thing to do. Also, because humans are creatures of habit, once they start a habit, say alcoholism, it doesnt take long before they become addicted. From another perspective, a criminal activity, say illegal drug use, can form part of general criteria for joining some particular peer groups. This can in no small way influence youths to indulge in these activities just to win the groups approval or endorsement.              

 A bone of contention among researchers is which comes first between delinquency and delinquent peer association Research by Gottfredson and Hirschi, support the notion that delinquency  actually comes before delinquent peer association. Similar researches performed by Thornberry, Elliot and Menard however, offer opposing views.

It is important to examine the role that age actually plays in delinquent acts. Hypothesis by Elliot and Menard, show that both delinquency and delinquent peer association increase with age. A more insightful theory is the interactional theory by Thornberry that suggests that the influence of delinquent peer associations should increase during mid-adolescence and then decline gradually based on the reasoning that the hold that peer groups have on an individual is more pronounced during early stages of adolescence and less so as they grow older and commit to traditional activities like school, family, church, work etc. Still on the effects that age and delinquent peer association have on delinquency, the constant supervisory roles that teachersguardians play in schools can douse the negative influences that delinquent peer associations can have on a young individual. However, as they advance in age and schooling, and move on to institutions of higher learning, the teachers or guardians tend to treat individuals as adults capable of making their own decisions. In other words, the supervisory roles that teachers play in the life of students reduce drastically as they advance in age and schooling. This also represents the theories expressed by Jang.

The interactional theory developed by Thornberry has been put to test but not without some loopholes. For instance, though the theory suggests that delinquent peer associations vary with age, it doesnt specifically address the measure or category of offending. Also, a general inference tends to be made based on just one category of offending (e.g. drug offending).

To address these loopholes, warrs research focuses on specific type of offenses for which agepeer interactive relationship might be present. It established that group violations are most prevalent in drug offenses than for other types of offenses. In addition, Warrs research identified a sticky friend pattern prevalent in alcohol and marijuana use. By sticky friend, Warr refers to the difficulty in shaking off friends of a certain delinquency (in this case, drug offenses), once acquired. The argument here is that, because of the sticky friend pattern peculiar to drug related offenses, youths tend to hang on to this particular vice as they grow older because of the communal support and thrill enjoyed within peer groups. In contrast, other non-drug related offenses tend to reduce with increase in age mainly because of the lack of the overwhelming influence of delinquent peer groups.

Based on reliable data (cross sectionallongitudinal) from research performed by the National Youth Survey (NYS), it was discovered that interactive relationship actually existed between age and delinquent peer associations. Furthermore, the offense with the most agepeer interactions happened to be the unlawful use of marijuana, the exception to this general rule was the offense of hitting someone. Of particular interest is the similar agepeer influence that burglary has with drug related offenses. This view was pointed out in the research done by Warr which discovered that burglary, like drug related offenses also have a high group violation rate even though burglary is not associated with a sticky friend pattern.

If you take a cursory look at the findings and results of research carried out by the different researchers in this paper, it may seem that, the findings of one researcher is immediately overthrown or cast aside by the findings of the other(s). However, and based on my own opinion, various inferences can be drawn aided with results of research and findings done by the researchers and the data by the National Youth Survey (NYS).

On the issue of which comes first between delinquency and delinquent peer associations, Gottfredson and Hirschi, support the notion that delinquency actually comes before delinquent peer association. However, others like Thornberry et al., present evidence of interactivity and the opposing view that delinquent peer association comes before delinquency. Still, research by, provide that bi-directional relationship can only surface after individuals engage in delinquency and delinquent peer association. In my opinion, all three findings are correct depending on the particular situation of the individuals involved. For instance, a young individual who while growing up discovers that his parents indulge in alcoholism is more likely to become an alcoholic before any outside peer influence. On the other hand, a young individual that grows up under parents with strong moral background may still involve in illegal drug use if he gets influenced by or joins a peer group that engages in drug related offenses. Also, an individual may not see the need to join a particular delinquent peer group if he is not at all inclined towards such behavior and vice versa. These insights prove my initial stand that all three findings are correct and far from confusing.

I conclude by saying that though a lot of very helpful research has been carried out to connect the dots among age, delinquent peer groups and delinquency, several questions beg for answers. For instance, why does burglary, a non drug related offense have high group violation rate similar to drug offenses even though burglary is not associated with a sticky friend pattern Obviously, a more detailed research is required to address this issue and several others.

International finance is a broad term which relates to the branch of economics concerned with a broad range of issues relating to international economies i.e., exchange rates, foreign investment and international trade among others. One of the major areas of interest of international finance is that which relates to the provision of donor fund by international bodies with regard to laws and regulations of specific countries.

The economic development in all countries of the world is an issue which is never taken lightly mainly because of the importance in ensuring the continued existence and ample survival of the individuals within these countries.  Positive economic development means that a country or a state becomes able to provide for the needs of its individual especially through the provision of employment opportunities and hence income. With this in place, such countries will have individuals whose standards of living are good. Besides high living standards within such countries, more independence will be experienced in terms of economic management as they will need to borrow fewer monies from the international donors for meeting their needs. Because of a number of factors like lack of proper supply of resources, many countries for example in the sub-Saharan Africa are faced with poor economic capabilities and hence in fulfilling their needs, they have to seek financial help from the developed countries and other international donors. The donors have been diligent in providing such funds and hence have enhanced economic developments within such countries.  These donors also known as the international financial institutions are however keen at ensuring that various conditions are met in order to qualify for such kinds of financial assistance. Issues of law and governance are largely considered and despite the need for funding as stated by the international controls, such financiers are at liberty to decide when and how to offer financial assistance mainly with regard to the status of law and governance in the borrowing countries.

LAW AND GOVERNANCE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Whenever a discussion on developments in counties is held, issues of law and governance can never be ignored mainly because they are the main pillars that determine the rate of economic development in countries.

The fact that explains this is that good governance is responsible for positive development of economies while poor systems of government lead to a decline in the economic growth of countries. The laws on the other hand are responsible to a large extent for the kind of governance that a country experiences. It therefore directly affects economic growth in these countries.

Law and development are responsible for enhancing or inhibiting economic growth and have achieved that through the following means

Formulation and implementation of economic policies
Policy making is always a subject of the laws and hence the governance criteria in any state. The presence of laws and regulation which enhance the formulation and implementation of economically friendly policies are responsible for sustaining economic growth in countries. The poor systems of governance like autocracy and authoritarianism coupled with the poor structure of laws are largely to be blamed for the poor economic growth of some countries. Most of the countries which have suffered the brunt of low or poor economic growth are those in the sub-Saharan Africa and some in the southern African republics.

The establishment of proper law in the developed countries have helped them in enhancing proper governance criteria for ages. This has been effective in ensuring good policy formulations and hence a sustained level of economic growth. This is also the reason why such countries mainly do not rely on financial donors and in some cases are able to provide financial assistance for some of the third world countries.

Establishment and implementation of reforms
Instances where economic reforms are required usually need the use of the available laws in their implementation. Laws and regulations which are well formulated are able to provide a way forward for the implementations of reforms which favour economic growth. Good constructional laws have made it possible for countries to put responsible leaders in place. In such a case, recognizing faults in the economic laws of a country becomes possible. This has helped countries such as the United States make changes which have gone a long way in improving their economy and hence improving the citizens standards of living.

Lack of proper governance and the establishment of poor leadership systems have also been responsible for the regression in the economic status of some countries

Regulation of activities of both the government and individuals
The kind of activities that occur in a country with regard to governance and consequent economic growth do depend on the constitution laws of the country. Good laws and systems of governance are responsible for proper conduct of leaders and citizens and this translates to increased growth in economies. Poor constitutional laws on the other hand are responsible for breeding poor leadership. This results to improper governance which adversely affects the direction of economic growth.
This is evident in the case of third world countries whose economic growth and standards are retarded. Most of the laws in these countries were formulated by colonial rulers who gave very little attention to the positive development of such countries. As a result, these countries have been exposed to the breed of greedy and incapable leaders who have taken their countries down the drain. The high rates of corruption and resistance to reforms have been the norms in these third world countries. This has led to improper management of fund and resources and hence has plunged these countries into deeper poverty situations.

Donor countries and the international financial institutions are faced with the task of ensuring that all the countries in the world are equipped with financial resources which would enable them to participate in economic activities especially in the international level. To achieve these, the financial institutions have been responsible for providing financial services and technical assistance to such countries.

However, these international financiers demand proper management of such funds and good returns. In cases where improper governance is experienced, management of such funds becomes an issue since where poor management of funds will take place, no benefits will be enjoyed especially by the citizens of such countries who are supposed to be the real beneficiaries of such financial assistance.

One country which has been in the spotlight to date is Kenya in which cases of donor fund has supposedly had little used for the country. The high rate of corruption and their resistance to reform has been blamed for lack of impact on the financial aid that they receive. International donor institutions like the International Monetary Fund have even threatened to withdraw from funding some of the projects.  The recent case of corruption in Kenya relates to the misuse of free primary education fund which has destabilized the free primary education in the country.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The world economy is an aspect that has always been given great importance since time immemorial and the drivers that push it to optimum performance have not been left behind. The recognition of the fact that all the countries of the world are responsible for the general growth of the world economies is a factor that has largely influenced the establishment of various international financiers like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB), the Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), the multilateral institutions and other international donors.

One of the programs that these international development institutions are involved in is the achievement of the millennium development goals. The goals are supposed to benefit the entire globe regardless of the levels of economic growth and stability of individual countries. Achieving these eight goals has however proved to be difficult for these development agencies and meeting the 2015 or the 2020 target may never see the light of day. Lack of corporation among countries especially those that have already achieved some of these goals has contributed to this. However, it is feared that with poor governance especially in the third world countries, the situation may even be worsened. These international development institutions with regard to the laid down regulations have played a role in enhancing world economies through the following functions Financial Assistance
This is perhaps the major role that the International development institutions have become popular for especially in the eyes of the ordinary citizens of the beneficiary countries. These intuitions aim at ensuring that extreme financial crisis that was once a rampant problem in the third world is never experienced by countries all over the world. It is for this reason that these international agencies always been committed to the task of lending monetary aid to the undeveloped countries whose economies cannot sustain the general needs of the citizens of the countries.

Through the provision of credits and loan facilities, these international development agencies have been able to provide a balance of payment for countries facing financial problems and hence deal with financial crisis. The provision of such monetary funds has also enabled such countries to have the capacity to produce locally made products and import them for foreign exchange. Other areas of development which such funds have helped are in the provision of education and healthcare services. This in turn has helped improve the economic growth of such countries and hence raised the standards of living of the citizens and the world at large.

Surveillance
Together with its major partners in the provision of financial and other charity services to the needy countries, the international development agencies have keenly been involved in observing the flow of money and other donations within the third world economies in an effort to ensure that what they provide to the needy countries are put to proper use. These organizations have for the most part participated in the creation of policies which have been used to regulate and monitor the flow of money and resources within these economies.

The programs which these development partners support are monitored whenever the rise of balance of payments or monetary crisis is experienced. It helps in the production of reports which are instrumental in preventing corruption and fraud and hence allowing the circulation of money and resources within a given economy and thus providing a proper environment for all individuals within such countries to benefit from the project which they support.

A developing country like Kenya where cases of corruptions are frequent would be the tares of such surveillance. This would help in ensuring that the funds and resources provided by these international development bodies are used to benefit all individuals within the county and also in the establishment of valuable projects. This would help in rising enough revenue which would be invested in the business sector and hence allow for participation in international trade.

Good governance
Proper governance is essential for improving and stabilizing the economic status of countries. The international development institutions, in their quest to enhance economic stability and improve living standards of individuals are very keen in ensuring that in giving aid to poor countries, conditions on good political and corporate governance are also stated. By putting in place mechanisms of surveillance, levels of accountability have been improved and hence reduced cases of misuse of funds and resources donated to these countries.

Transparency has been enhanced by the international development institutions through the establishment of laws and regulations governing circulation of money and resources within these economies. In managing the funds, these development institutions are very keen in demanding that proper political temperature be maintained within the benefiting countries. With the understanding that political instability makes the country vulnerable to economic problems, these international bodies have encouraged many of the countries to maintain a calm and stable political state so as to achieve the maximum out of their trade relationships with other countries.

THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL CONTROL IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS
International controls refer to rules and policies which have been put in place by the global organizations in regulation to the conduct of regions with regard to the signing of international accords in issues like finance and social issues. Due to its power to supervise issues that go on in the society at the international level, the international controls have had a major influence in determining and encouraging the implementation of international finance. With this, it has impacted the world economic situation in a variety of ways.

One of the major ways in which the international controls have affected the economies of the world is by inhibiting trade between countries. In its effort to try to integrate the world markets, the world controls have ended up destroying the link between the domestic markets and the foreign markets of various countries. This ended up destabilising the stock markets and the exchange rates in various countries. The result of this was an interference with business and hence the rates of economic growth.

The provision of incentives in the international market also did no good to various economies especially in the developed worlds. Without putting into consideration that the developed countries would not have the same response towards incentives as the developing countries, the international control body ended up implementing the strategy and this ended up effecting the economic development of such countries.

The controls have also been blamed for the emergence of black markets which have played a major role in interfering with the growth of world economies. The inability of some business parties to win business licences led to desperation on their part and hence forced them to illegally get into the business world. Because of this, the exchange of goods and services has been done illegally through regional and international borders. This means that levies are not paid to the respective authorities thereby interfering with their economic growth.

THE REALTIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE AND INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS
International controls are an important ingredient in the fulfilment of goals and objectives in the business world and especially where international markets are involved. It is however surprising that in the fulfilment of the united nations millennium goals, these aspects of international control are not properly looked into. The fact is that for the implementation of this international finance, the international control is required to ensure that proper procedures are put into place and that the resultant efforts are going to be of true benefits to the targeted beneficiaries.

This has left the world with the questions of whether the international finance relation to the millennium development fund is going to succeed without the input of such measures and to what extent is it therefore going to be of help to the society.

Perhaps the answer lies with the fact that these international controls have done little to help the growth and development of world economies. Instead, all it has done is made things harder in terms of international economic development and this is what the international development bodies are trying to keep at bay. The reasons as to why the international controls may be ignored in the implementation of the mentioned finance may include the following

First, the issue of exchange rate is one that has been difficult to handle and even the international controls have not been able to deal with them. Because of the fact that the developmental projects are dealing with the entire countries of the world, some form of uniformity is needed in the exchange rates system to enable proper transfer of resources across countries, enhance international trade and hence improve the economic development of such countries. The instances of fluctuations in the exchange rates has rendered the international controls less effective and thereby making the process of offering financial assistances for their causes even more difficult.

Despite the need for more stringent rules in the exercise of trade in the international arena, there should be a relaxation of some rule which go across the bored and thereby hinder a number of countries from participating in some forms of economically recognized economic activities. By doing this, the involvement of some parties of governments in illegal trades will be minimized, circulation of money across international borders will be enhanced and hence economic growth in various world economies will be improved.

Also, in issuing incentives for enhancing trade in countries, considerations should be given on the type or level of country in which a certain incentive is offered. Making a proper distinction on the needs of the developed countries and the different needs of developing countries should be considered. Giving the same kind of incentives to totally different groups of countries will mean that either it will not work on one part or both parts.

Lack of implementation reform agenda in most developing countries has also been a factor which has hindered the development of economies in the world. Due to the fact that international controls require that these countries formulate good laws and practice good governance.

Even with the implementation of certain control measures in the international arena, lack of proper governance in specific countries will always play a role in dragging the economic growth of the region and that of the entire world down.  A country like Bulgaria is an example of one in which heavy dependence to donor funds has threatened its economic growth. Due to the high rate of corruption, economic development has been stifled. The situation ahs also been heightened by the financial crisis the country is experiencing and hence there is a threat of reduction of foreign investment in the country

Considering that these countries have not been able to to make these reforms a reality, the international control should have had the power to make those changes possible. The current situation of the international control still recognizes the sovereignty of countries in such situations. However, this has not helped as it has enhanced the growth of corruption among such governments, the regression of economic growth and also a waste of the development funds and resources.

BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
The main function of international finances has been to promote the integration of economies and to enhance the easy flow of capital across borders.  This would be important in enhancing economies through the participation of countries in international trade. Some of the areas of interest in which the international finance have impacted the societies include

Enhancing the correctional procedures against countries which indulge in improper governance and thereby encouraging the proper flow of cash in the world markets. Enabling countries to borrow monies during tough times and hence enabling the access of countries to the capital markets. This has led to the promotion of both domestic and foreign investment for such countries and thereby positive economic development.

Provision of information with regard to prospective areas of investment and thereby influencing proper and profitable investment among countries.

It enhances proper banking systems in countries through the provision of healthy competitive environments besides preventing excessive domestic regulation asserted by the international financial institutions.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The study of international trade with reference to exchange rates and foreign investment is a subject that has had heated debates especially in the international level. Due to the weight that such a subject holds especially to the international development partners, the issue of international control has always been attached to it and thus the importance of such controls gauged with regard to the impacts that it has had in the past procedures.

Presently, the international development patterns are striving to ensure that they meet the millennium development goals in the targeted years of either 2015 or 2020. However, the impact of negative influences like poor governance and lack of proper laws in developing countries seems to be deterring such ventures.

Despite the fact that international controls would do good in solving such wanting situations, the international finance has ignored their impacts in trying to achieve its goals. Because the international controls are important in ensuring that such policies are implemented, it is important for changes to be made in such controls to help in making it usable in such instances. Some of the problems of the international controls that can be handled in dealing with the problems include stabilizing exchange rates, control of the black market trades through an increased flexibility of the regulations and the application of appropriate incentives for the common good of the entire world economies.

CONCLUSION
Implementation of the millennium development goals has since its formulation been a point of focus for many countries of the world. These goals were implemented due to the desire of the world to eliminate most of the social and economic problems that affect the society. Part of the initiatives in these goals is to bridge the digital divide and enhance distribution of resources within the globe. It is for this reason that the international partners have been involved with the provision of funds to the poor economies with an aim of making their economic status change for the better.

The roadmap to the implementation of these goals however put a requirement for the implementation of proper laws and regulations coupled with proper governance in the respective states. This condition mostly holds for the third world countries whose economic status are very low and hence the need for donation of funds from the international development partners in enhancing their level of  economic development. The incorporation of the international control in the situation has instead of making the situation difficult, has made the situation worse in some economies and hence its importance has been neglected to a large extent in the given procedures. However with appropriate changes in the international control methods, such disadvantages will be discarded and hence economic ventures explored.